DAANCE Flashcards for Medical Emergencies

Questions and Answers

What is the pulmonary artery?

One of two arteries that carry venous (oxygen-poor) blood from the heart to the lungs.

What type of intubation is preferred with emesis and aspiration?

ETT, LMA or Combitube acceptable.

What emergency would a cricothyrotomy typically be performed for?

Airway obstruction

Atropine would be given in which emergency?

Symptomatic bradycardia Signup and view all the answers

Adenosine would be given in which emergency?

SVT Signup and view all the answers

Amiodarone would be given in which emergency?

V. Tach Signup and view all the answers

What medications can be given for a severe case of hyperventilation?

Versed, Valium, or Propofol Signup and view all the answers

PVCs are treated with which medicine?

Lidocaine Signup and view all the answers

Epi is given in which two emergencies?

V. Fib and asystole Signup and view all the answers

What is the max dose of epinephrine for a cardiovascular disease patient?

.04 mg Signup and view all the answers

A beta blocker would be given in which emergency?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

A fluid bolus of NS and ephedrine can be given with what emergency?

Hypotension Signup and view all the answers

What medications are used to treat malignant hypothermia?

Dantrolene, IV cold saline (not Ringer's) Signup and view all the answers

What is a nasopharyngeal airway?

A tube used when the tongue is obstructing the airway. Signup and view all the answers

What is an oropharyngeal airway?

Placed to position the tongue in more anterior position. Signup and view all the answers

What is a laryngeal mask airway (LMA)?

A device that sits over the top of the larynx. Signup and view all the answers

What does endotracheal intubation involve?

The end of the tube passes through vocal cords and terminates halfway between the vocal cords and bifurcation of the trachea. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Combitube?

Generally used for specific emergencies. Signup and view all the answers

Who is predisposed to bronchospasm?

Individuals with allergies, asthma, COPD, or bronchitis. Signup and view all the answers

What is bronchospasm?

Generalized contraction of smooth muscles of small bronchi and bronchioles causing restriction of airflow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum dose of epinephrine for a healthy patient?

.2 mg Signup and view all the answers

What functions does the liver serve?

Protein and lipid synthesis, biotransformation, detoxification and storage of vitamins A, E, D, K, and B12. Signup and view all the answers

What can cause seizures?

Liver failure, renal failure, sickle cell disease, brain tumor, meningitis, previous stroke, and hypo-hyperglycemia. Signup and view all the answers

What medications are used to treat seizures?

Tegretol, Klonopin, Neurontin, Luminal, Dilantin, Depacon Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the kidneys?

Maintain volume and composition of body fluids and excrete metabolic end products and toxins. Signup and view all the answers

What do the islets of Langerhans do?

Secrete insulin and glucagon. Signup and view all the answers

What do the adrenal glands secrete?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine. Signup and view all the answers

What does the thyroid regulate?

The body's basal metabolic rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pterygoid plexus?

A network of veins corresponding to the 2nd and 3rd parts of the maxillary artery. Signup and view all the answers

What is the olfactory nerve responsible for?

Controlling smell. Signup and view all the answers

What does the optic nerve control?

Sight. Signup and view all the answers

What does the internal jugular vein do?

Drains much of the blood from the head and neck. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Purkinje fiber system?

Causes muscles of the heart to contract. Signup and view all the answers

What is the brachiocephalic artery?

Branches into the right common carotid in the neck and the right subclavian artery in the arm. Signup and view all the answers

What is hematocrit?

% of blood volume made up of red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What does the mental artery supply?

Blood to the chin. Signup and view all the answers

What is ischemia?

Reduced blood flow in coronary arteries. Signup and view all the answers

What does the maxillary artery supply?

Blood to the maxilla, teeth, sinuses, and a portion of the nose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the medulla oblongata?

Coordinating region for impulses. Signup and view all the answers

What are normal levels of hemoglobin?

Males: 13-18 mg/dL, Females: 14-16 mg/dL. Signup and view all the answers

What is the oropharynx?

Located between the soft palate and epiglottis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the facial nerve?

The 7th cranial nerve that supplies motor fibers to muscles of facial expression. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trigeminal nerve?

The 5th cranial nerve that supplies sensation to teeth and jaws. Signup and view all the answers

What does the vagus nerve do?

Supplies fibers to many parts of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What do the pulmonary veins do?

Return oxygenated blood to the left atrium from lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What does the superior vena cava do?

Drains blood from the head, neck, and upper extremities into the right atrium. Signup and view all the answers

What does the adrenal gland secrete?

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and corticosteroids. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ectopic focus?

Displaced central point of origin for cardiac dysrhythmias. Signup and view all the answers

What does the inferior alveolar artery supply?

Blood to teeth, mandible, lower lip, and chin. Signup and view all the answers

What does the inferior vena cava do?

Drains lower extremities and abdominal viscera into the right atrium. Signup and view all the answers

What does the brachial artery supply?

Blood to shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Signup and view all the answers

What does the facial artery supply?

Blood to face, tonsil, palate, and submandibular gland. Signup and view all the answers

What are the T's of pulseless electrical activity?

Toxins, trauma, thrombosis, tension pneumothorax, tamponade. Signup and view all the answers

What are the H's of pulseless electrical activity?

Hydrogen ion, hypoxia, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, hypo/hyperkalemia, hypothermia. Signup and view all the answers

What is pulseless electrical activity (PEA)?

Normal appearing tracing, but patient has no pulse. Signup and view all the answers

What is asystole?

Cessation of all contractions. Signup and view all the answers

What is ventricular fibrillation (V. fib)?

Course V. fib with prominent, erratic baseline or fine V. fib with far less pronounced vacillations. Signup and view all the answers

What is Class III in cardiac assessment?

Patient has severe systemic disturbance or disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is Class IV in cardiac assessment?

Patient has a severe, life-threatening systemic disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What is Class V in cardiac assessment?

Patient is moribund with little chance of survival. Surgery is done in desperation. Signup and view all the answers

What is Class II in cardiac assessment?

Patient has mild to no systemic disturbance. Smokers included. Signup and view all the answers

What is Class I in cardiac assessment?

Patient has no organic, biochemical, psychiatric, or physiological disturbance. Signup and view all the answers

What do beta blockers do?

Reduce the rate and force of contraction of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What do vasodilators do?

Reduce the pressure in the vasculature. Signup and view all the answers

What do diuretics do?

Reduce the volume of fluid in the system. Signup and view all the answers

What is hypertension?

Blood pressure of 140/90 or greater. Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of ventricles?

20-40 Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of the AV node?

40-60 Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of the atria?

60-80 Signup and view all the answers

What are arrest rhythms?

Ventricular dysrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

What is the rate of the SA node?

60-100 Signup and view all the answers

What is the social history review of systems?

Patients' smoking and alcohol history/current use should be noted along with illegal drug use. Signup and view all the answers

Where are ventricular foci located?

In the ventricles. Signup and view all the answers

Where are supraventricular foci located?

Above the level of the ventricles in the atria. Signup and view all the answers

What factors necessitate antibiotic prophylaxis for total joint replacement patients?

Previous joint infection, 2 years following joint replacement, malnourishment, hemophilia, type I diabetes, or immunocompromised patients. Signup and view all the answers

What are AV blocks?

PR length is prolonged or varies due to impulse being partially or completely blocked. Signup and view all the answers

Who needs antibiotic prophylaxis?

Previous infective endocarditis, prosthetic valves, cardiac transplant patients who develop valvulopathy, congenital heart disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is congestive heart failure?

Condition in which the heart is unable to handle blood volume coming back to it. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 characteristics of normal heart rhythms?

Rate, regularity, and rhythm. Signup and view all the answers

What is MVP (mitral valve prolapse)?

One or more of valve flaps don't close completely. Signup and view all the answers

What are rheumatic heart diseases?

Conditions caused secondary to rheumatic fever damaging heart valves. Signup and view all the answers

What is MI (myocardial infarction)?

Heart attack. Six should be performed on the patient until 6 months after. Signup and view all the answers

What is right-sided heart failure?

Increased pressure of fluid in blood vessels causing fluid to leak into body's tissues. Signup and view all the answers

What is left-sided heart failure?

Increased pressure of fluid in blood vessels causing fluid to leak into lungs. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the musculoskeletal review of systems?

Weakness of extremities, atrophy of muscles, frequent cramping. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the neurologic review of systems?

Weakness of extremities, history of projectile vomiting, headaches, visual disturbances. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the pulmonary review of systems?

Shortness of breath, dizziness, chronic cough, wheezing. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the genitourinary review of systems?

Painful urination, blood in urine, frequent urination, incontinence. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the gastrointestinal review of systems?

Loss of appetite, difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the skin review of systems?

Bruising, bleeding, discoloration. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the cardiovascular review of systems?

Headaches, dizziness, nosebleeds, shortness of breath. Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms of the general review of systems?

Weight loss, loss of appetite, weakness, fatigue. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 key questions to ask a patient in evaluation?

Are they currently under physician care, do they take any medications, do they have any allergies and reactions, review of systems. Signup and view all the answers

What is asthma?

Usually associated with allergies, causing increased secretions and difficulty with expiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is focus (foci)?

Site in atria or ventricles which is a center for generation of impulse. Signup and view all the answers

What is Cushing's disease?

Non-life-threatening hypersecretion of glucocorticoids. Signup and view all the answers

What do glucocorticoids do?

Allow the body to respond to stress. Signup and view all the answers

What is Addison's disease?

Life-threatening hyposecretion of glucocorticoids. Signup and view all the answers

What is cirrhosis?

Fibrosis or scar tissue in the liver. Signup and view all the answers

What are the risks of liver cirrhosis?

Prolonged effects of medications, prolonged mental depression, trouble clotting, peripheral edema, ascites. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pulmonary and Airway Management

Pulmonary artery carries venous blood from the heart to the lungs.
Endotracheal intubation (ETT) is preferred for patients with aspiration risks due to emesis; LMA or combitube are alternatives.
A cricothyrotomy is performed in cases of airway obstruction.
Nasopharyngeal airways help when the tongue obstructs the airway; can be placed in awake patients.
Oropharyngeal airways position the tongue anteriorly but are not well-tolerated by awake patients.

Emergency Medications

Atropine is administered for symptomatic bradycardia.
Adenosine is used in supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) emergencies.
Amiodarone is indicated for ventricular tachycardia (V.tach).
Epinephrine is given for ventricular fibrillation (V.fib) and asystole; maximum dose is 0.04mg for cardiovascular disease patients and 0.2mg for healthy patients.
Lidocaine treats premature ventricular contractions (PVCs).
Dantrolene and IV cold saline are used in malignant hyperthermia cases.
Benzodiazepines like Versed, Valium, or Propofol can be used for severe hyperventilation.

Cardiovascular and Hematology

Hypertension is defined as a blood pressure of 140/90 or greater, associated with headaches and dizziness.
Hematocrit levels: Men (42-52%), Women (37-48%); below 35% indicates anemia.
Normal hemoglobin levels: Males (13-18 mg/dL), Females (14-16 mg/dL).
Ischemia refers to reduced blood flow and lack of oxygen to heart cells.

Heart Failure

Right-sided heart failure leads to peripheral edema and ascites from increased pressure in blood vessels.
Left-sided heart failure causes fluid leakage into lungs, presenting as shortness of breath.

Nervous System and Vital Nerves

The olfactory nerve (1st cranial) controls smell, while the optic nerve (2nd cranial) controls sight.
The vagus nerve (10th cranial) serves various body parts, including thoracic and abdominal viscera.
The purkinje fiber system facilitates rapid contraction impulses in heart muscles.

Renal and Endocrine Functions

Kidneys maintain body fluid volume and composition, filtering waste and toxins.
Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas regulate insulin and glucagon, stabilizing blood sugar levels.
The adrenal glands secrete critical hormones like epinephrine and corticosteroids.

Respiratory Conditions

Bronchospasm involves contraction of bronchial smooth muscles, restricting airflow.
Patients predisposed to bronchospasm include those with asthma, COPD, or bronchitis.

Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Emergencies

Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) shows a normal heart trace but lacks a pulse.
Asystole presents as a "flat line" on the monitor and requires immediate CPR.
T’s and H’s are mnemonic aids for reversible causes of pulseless electrical activity.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis

Needed for patients with history of infective endocarditis, prosthetic valves, or congenital heart defects.
High-risk patients include those with prior joint infections or immunocompromised conditions.

Common Review of Systems

Neurological: Headaches, visual disturbances, weakness.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite.
Cardiovascular: Dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain.
Musculoskeletal: Muscle cramps, weakness, atrophy.
Genitourinary: Painful urination, blood in urine.

Diseases and Conditions

Cushing's disease involves hypersecretion of glucocorticoids; Addison's represents life-threatening hypo-secretion.
Cirrhosis is liver fibrosis that complicates medication metabolism, posing risks for prolonged drug effects and bleeding.

Heart Valve and Rhythm Issues

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) leads to regurgitation into the left atrium.
Cardiovascular assessments indicate class disturbances, ranging from no disturbances (Class I) to severe life-threatening conditions (Class V).

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering essential terms and definitions related to the DAANCE course. Perfect for understanding key concepts like pulmonary artery and emergency intubation methods. Ideal for healthcare professionals preparing for emergencies in the medical field.