Module 9

These are the body's mobile defenses and regarded as polymorphonuclear cells.

White Blood cells can be divided into two groups:

Listed below are included in granulocytes except:

Agranulocytes consist of two main types of white blood cells:

Life span of Granulocytes

Life span of Monocytes

Some enter in the different lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues for immune reaction.

Listed below are the ways of defending the body against the foreign invaders except:

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, and to a lesser extent Basophils

B-Lymphocytes and Plasma cells and Sensitized T-cells (T-Lymphocytes)

Is the reaction of the tissue to a causative agent after the vessel has been traumatized.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation are:

Alignment of cells along the periphery of the capillary.

A process in which cells squeeze themselves thru the pores of the capillary.

Movement of cells thru the use of pseudopodia or false feet.

In response to the substances formed at the site of injury; bacterial toxins, degenerative tissues, substances in reaction to complement system, and other substances.

Tissue Macrophages

Invasion of Neutrophils (Neutrophilia)

Additional Invasion of Macrophages (Mobile Macrophages/Monocytes-Macrophages

Increased production of Granulocytes and Monocytes

A mixture of dead neutrophils and macrophages (+) necrotic cells and tissue fluid

Increase in the number of agranulocytes

6th Type of WBC

• 7th Type of WBC
• Large cells formed from bone marrow
• Divided into fragments called "platelets"

Indication of trauma in tissue, caused by production of pain substances (local hormones)

Because of pain, mast cells are also traumatized and stimulated, producing vasodilator substances the dilation causes an increase in blood flow and blood volume which then causes engorgement of blood vessel with this, many RBC that pass through the dilated vessel causes redness.

With the presence of hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying molecule of RBC) in the red blood cells, its oxygen is used for metabolic activity of cells and produce heat.

Vasodilation favors increased capillary permeability which then increases capillary pressure. More volume of plasma will be diffused towards the interstitium which results to increased diffusion of plasma protein. The plasma protein in the capillary decrease and there is an increase concentration of ICF protein. PCOP is decreased, ISCOP is increased. more fluid from capillary move towards the interstitium, causing EDEMA.

When plasma mix with protein, it turns into gel. The gel in the interstitium covers the affected area of the interstitium to control the infection/inflammation and prevent it from spreading further.

Covers the affected area with gelatin control the infection/inflammation resulting to loss of function.

If eosinophil moves first or most of the blood cell are eosinophil, the chemotaxic substance is an _____ and when examined, there is eosinophilia and the causative agent is an _____.

If neutrophil moves first or most of the blood cell are neutrophil, the chemotaxic substance is _____ and when examined, there is neutrophilia and the causative agent is _____.

Macrophages are capable of phagocytosis, it reacts with causative agent. Name depends on the affected area. Example: Kupffer cells - lungs.

Neutrophils invade the site of infection to phagocytize whatever is left by the macrophages. When they eventually die, they will be eaten by the other groups of neutrophils and other WBCs.

Mobile macrophages within the capillary moves out, the monocytes become macrophages and will also invade the area.

Further contributes in phagocytizing.

Weak phagocytes and can perform chemotaxis to areas where there are parasitic or allergen invasion (Eosinophilia)

Similar to MAST CELLS. This can be found in tissues outside blood vessels. it can also form Histamine, bradykinins, and other vasodilator substances especially in case of allergy.