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What is the main focus of cytology?
What is the main focus of cytology?
- Study of cell membranes
- Study of the nucleus
- Study of lipids in cells
- Study of cell organelles (correct)
Which stain is commonly used to visualize the cell membrane?
Which stain is commonly used to visualize the cell membrane?
- Methylene blue
- Silver stain (correct)
- Iodine stain
- Hematoxylin and eosin
In mammals, the two major compartments of a cell are cytoplasm and __________.
In mammals, the two major compartments of a cell are cytoplasm and __________.
- Cell inclusions
- Nucleus (correct)
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
What distinguishes membranous organelles from non-membranous organelles in cells?
What distinguishes membranous organelles from non-membranous organelles in cells?
Which component is essential to all types of cells and is present in membranous organelles?
Which component is essential to all types of cells and is present in membranous organelles?
What is the main structural component of biological membranes?
What is the main structural component of biological membranes?
What is the function of the polar hydrophilic head in a phospholipid molecule?
What is the function of the polar hydrophilic head in a phospholipid molecule?
How do integral proteins contribute to the cell membrane's function?
How do integral proteins contribute to the cell membrane's function?
What is the role of carbohydrates in the lipid bilayer?
What is the role of carbohydrates in the lipid bilayer?
How does osmium contribute to the trilaminar appearance seen by EM?
How does osmium contribute to the trilaminar appearance seen by EM?
What is the main function of peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?
What is the main function of peripheral proteins in the cell membrane?
Which function is NOT attributed to lipids in the cell membrane?
Which function is NOT attributed to lipids in the cell membrane?
What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Which organelle is directly related to the activity of the cells based on the number of mitochondria and their cristae?
Which organelle is directly related to the activity of the cells based on the number of mitochondria and their cristae?
What is the process where a cytoplasmic vesicle discharges its contents to the extracellular space?
What is the process where a cytoplasmic vesicle discharges its contents to the extracellular space?
Which stain is needed to visualize mitochondria as small granules or rod-like structures?
Which stain is needed to visualize mitochondria as small granules or rod-like structures?
What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in a cell?
What is the primary function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in a cell?
How do mitochondria reproduce themselves?
How do mitochondria reproduce themselves?
What is the main function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) based on the provided text?
What is the main function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) based on the provided text?
Which of the following statements about the Golgi Apparatus is accurate according to the text?
Which of the following statements about the Golgi Apparatus is accurate according to the text?
How do secretory vesicles discharge their contents according to the text?
How do secretory vesicles discharge their contents according to the text?
What distinguishes the immature face (cis face) from the mature face (trans face) in the Golgi Apparatus?
What distinguishes the immature face (cis face) from the mature face (trans face) in the Golgi Apparatus?
Which organelle originates lysosomes according to the text?
Which organelle originates lysosomes according to the text?
What type of enzymes do lysosomes contain as indicated in the text?
What type of enzymes do lysosomes contain as indicated in the text?
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Study Notes
Cytology: Study of Cells
- Cytology involves the study of cells, which consist of two main compartments: cytoplasm and nucleus.
Cytoplasmic Components
- Cytoplasm contains:
- Cell organelles
- Cell inclusions
- Cytosol (matrix)
Cytoplasmic Organelles
- Organelles are essential to cell life and are present in all types of cells.
- Classified into:
- Membranous organelles
- Non-membranous organelles
Membranous Organelles
- Include:
- Cell membrane
- Mitochondria
- Microtubules
- RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
- SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
- Golgi apparatus
- Secretory vesicles
- Lysosomes
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane, Plasmalemma)
- Outer boundary of all cells
- Appears as a thin, brown line with special stain (silver)
- Composed of:
- Lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Functions:
- Provides entrance for fat-soluble components and drugs
- Forms ion channels and carrier proteins
- Gives definite shape to the cell
- Protects internal contents
- Selective barrier
- Facilitates vesicular transport
Lipids
- Provide an entrance for fat-soluble components and drugs
- Bimolecular layer (two layers) of mixed phospholipid and some cholesterol
- Each phospholipid molecule has:
- A polar hydrophilic head
- Two long, non-polar hydrophobic tails
Proteins
- Includes:
- Integral or intrinsic proteins (transmembrane)
- Peripheral or extrinsic proteins (on cytoplasmic aspect of cell membrane)
- Functions:
- Forms ion channels and carrier proteins
- Facilitates passage of specific ions and water-soluble substances
Carbohydrates
- Project from the outer aspect of the lipid bilayer to form a surface coat or Glycocalyx
- Functions:
- Protects the cell from physical and chemical injury
- Controls passage of substances
- Helps cell-cell recognition and adhesion
Mitochondria
- Functions:
- Synthesizes ATP
- Regulates Ca+2 homeostasis and protects cell from Ca+2 toxicity
- Has its own DNA and can divide by simple binary fission
- Composed of:
- Outer and inner membranes
- Intermembrane space
- Matrix space
- Matrix granules
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- The largest membranous system of the cell
- Composed of:
- RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
- SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
- Functions:
- Protein synthesis for export and lysosomal enzymes
- Synthesizes proteins for export and lysosomal enzymes
- Present in large amounts in protein-forming cells
- Composed of:
- Flattened tubules (cisternae)
- Covered with ribosomes
SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
- Functions:
- Synthesizes lipid and steroid hormones
- Detoxification of drugs
- Storage of Ca+2 (in muscle cells)
- Synthesizes phospholipid of cell membrane
- Composed of:
- Branched tubules
- No ribosomes on its membrane
Golgi Apparatus
- Functions:
- Chemical modification of protein
- Condensation and sorting of protein
- Formation of secretory vesicles and lysosomes
- Composed of:
- Flattened cisternae
- Slightly curved
- Dilated at the periphery
- Present in stacks
- Each stack has:
- Convex (immature) = cis face, near RER
- Concave (mature) = trans face, where secretory vesicles and lysosomes bud off
Secretory Vesicles
- Originate from the mature face of Golgi apparatus
- Discharge contents by exocytosis
- Composed of:
- Small, rounded, electron-dense, membrane-bound structures
Lysosomes
- Membrane-bound vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes
- Originate from the mature face of Golgi apparatus
- Composed of:
- Two types:
- Primary lysosomes
- Secondary lysosomes
- Two types:
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