Cytologic Techniques and Exfoliative Cytology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following stains is specifically used for staining blood?

  • Acridine
  • Rhodamine dye
  • Giemsa stain (correct)
  • Fluorescein

What does the wet film method primarily focus on?

  • Assessment of cellular conditions
  • Staining surrounding tissues (correct)
  • Visualizing distant organ spread
  • Identification of blood vessel structures

Which mounting type uses glycerine-jelly?

  • Pern or Dry
  • Permanent
  • Temp or Wet (correct)
  • Indefinite

In which class of Pap's cytologic report would you find a normal cytology with 0-25% abnormal cells?

<p>Class I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recent procedure utilizes gamma radiation for scanning?

<p>Radio Active Scan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscopy would be most suitable for identifying certain organisms?

<p>Dark field microscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'RIA' stand for in recent procedures?

<p>Radio Immuno Assay (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of staining method relies on an antigen-antibody reaction?

<p>Immunofluorescence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of exfoliative cytology?

<p>To study cells obtained from different parts of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which indicator is a sure sign of fertility according to laboratory diagnosis?

<p>Formation of palm-leaf or ferning crystal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increase in the maturation index (MI) indicate?

<p>Increase in cases of cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the absence of fern in a laboratory diagnosis suggest?

<p>Low estrogen and high progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common method used in cytology procedures?

<p>Papanicolaou/Pap's smear (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a high pycnotic index (PI) imply?

<p>Increased number of cells with structureless nuclei (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sample type is NOT typically associated with exfoliative cytology?

<p>Blood culture samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a Pap's smear prepared during the staining procedure?

<p>Fixed smear washed in water and rehydrated in descending alcohol solutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the fixation process in tissue processing?

<p>To kill, harden, and preserve tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves compressing small pieces of tissue on a microscope slide?

<p>Squash separation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of fixation in tissue processing?

<p>Enhance metabolic activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what temperature range should tissues be kept during the dissection process in freezing techniques?

<p>-10°C to -20°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a good fixative?

<p>It must be cheap and stable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fixative is frequently used in saturated aqueous solutions for renal tissue preservation?

<p>Mercuric Chloride (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which histological technique requires the use of differential dyes?

<p>Teasing or dissociation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of action does autolysis refer to in the context of tissue processing?

<p>Breakdown by proteolytic enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stain is used specifically for identifying fibrin?

<p>Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main staining method for glycogen detection?

<p>Best Carmine Method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stain would you select for staining myelin sheath?

<p>Weigert-Pal Technique (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the detection of lipids, which technique is not applicable?

<p>Gram's Iodine Stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is specifically used for identifying astrocytes?

<p>Mallory's PTAH Stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining technique is used for the detection of amyloid?

<p>Congo Red Method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is suitable for staining mucin?

<p>Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is most appropriate for the identification of phospholipids?

<p>Sudan Black B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Acetone in tissue fixation?

<p>To fix brain tissues for diagnosis of Rabies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fixative should never contain glacial HAC?

<p>Flemming's solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fixative is Newcomer’s Fluid classified as?

<p>Cytoplasmic Fixative (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which solution is known for its use in secondary fixation for better staining?

<p>Formalin with Post-Chroming (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a mounting medium?

<p>To prevent the movement of the cover slip (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Microanatomical Fixatives?

<p>To allow general microscopic study of tissue structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mounting medium is specifically used for Methylene Blue stained nerve preparations?

<p>Apapy's Medium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Compound Fixatives?

<p>Single fixative substance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Kronig cement?

<p>It is one of the ringing media to seal cover slips. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fixative is most commonly used for preserving myelin?

<p>Osmium Tetroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of using a fixative with a pH of more than 4.6?

<p>It may negatively affect the fixation process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which resinous medium can be neutralized and is known to change color upon exposure?

<p>Canada Balsam (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the refractive index of the medium that should be close to that of glass for better viewing?

<p>1.518 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ringing in the specimen preparation process?

<p>To prevent fluid escapage from the mount (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of slides are typically labeled with a gum label?

<p>General slides for permanent storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is recommended for mounting frozen sections requiring dehydration?

<p>Brun's Fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exfoliative Cytology

The study of cells removed from different parts of the body, including the lining epithelium, mucosal surfaces, and fluid aspirates.

Maturation Index (MI)

A comparison of immature and mature cells, used to determine the location and extent of disease.

Significance of MI

Increased MI values may indicate cancer or hormonal abnormalities.

Pyknosis Index (PI)

Percentage of cells having small, shrunken, structureless nuclei.

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Pap smear

A routine cytologic procedure using the Papanicolaou stain, examining cells for abnormalities.

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Ferning Crystal

Palm-leaf crystal formation in a sample that indicates fertility.

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Sterility

Infertility; Absence of fern pattern in sample. Lower estrogen, more progesterone.

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Hormone levels in cancer

Persistent high levels of oestrogen or progesterone found for 28 days in cytologic cases.

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Teasing or Dissociation

A technique separating tissues in saline solution for microscopic examination. This involves careful dissection and may use phase contrast or bright field microscopy.

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Squash Separation

A technique where small tissue pieces are compressed on a slide to spread cells for microscopic examination. This often utilizes a cover slip or another slide.

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Smear Preparation

A technique where sections or sediments are spread on a slide for examination. This is useful for examining fluids or cell suspensions.

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Fixation (in Histology)

A process that kills, hardens, and preserves tissues for microscopic examination. Fixation prevents decomposition and preserves tissue structure.

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Necrosis

Cellular death or destruction within a living organism.

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Putrefaction

The decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by bacteria, resulting in foul odor.

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Autolysis

The destruction of cells by their own enzymes. This occurs after death.

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Decomposition

The breakdown of organic matter into simpler substances by microorganisms like bacteria.

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Giemsa Stain

A type of stain used specifically for blood cell analysis in cytology.

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Immunofluorescence

A technique used in cytology to identify specific molecules like cancer cells, enzymes, and hormones.

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Antigen-Antibody Reaction

The fundamental principle behind immunofluorescence, where specific antibodies bind to corresponding antigens in the sample.

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Interference Microscopy

A type of microscopy used in cytology to enhance the contrast and visibility of cellular structures.

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Phase Contrast Microscopy

A microscopy technique used to examine cell details, especially those that are transparent or difficult to see.

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Dark Field Microscopy

A microscopy technique used in cytology to identify certain organisms by creating a dark background and illuminating the specimen's edges.

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Cytochemistry

The study of important cellular elements and their chemical composition, often carried out alongside cytology.

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Electron Microscopy

A powerful technique used in cytology to examine minute details of cells, even down to organelle level.

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Nuclear Fixative

A type of fixative that specifically preserves the structure of the nucleus within a cell.

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Newcomer's Fluid

A type of fixative that primarily preserves nuclear structures, used for studying chromosomes and cell division.

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Cytoplasmic Fixative

A fixative designed to preserve the structures and components of the cytoplasm, the cell's 'factory' where most processes occur.

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Flemming's Solution

A well-known chrome-osmium acetic acid fixative, widely used for preserving both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures.

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Flemming's Solution Without HAC

A variation of Flemming's solution without acetic acid (HAC), particularly used for preserving mitochondria, the cell's 'powerhouses'.

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Helly's Fluid

A cytoplasmic fixative that excels in preserving the structural integrity of various cellular components, often used for studying organs and tissues.

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Formalin with 'Post-Chroming'

A secondary fixation technique where formalin-fixed tissues are further treated with potassium dichromate to enhance staining and preserve structures.

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Regaud's Fluid (Moller's Fluid)

A fixative primarily used for preserving mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, known for its excellent preservation of cell organelles.

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Verhoeff's Stain

A staining technique used to visualize elastic fibers in tissue samples. It colors elastic fibers black, while other tissues are stained in shades of red or green.

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Masson's Trichrome Stain

A stain used in histology to differentiate between collagen, muscle, and cytoplasm within tissues. It stains collagen fibers blue, muscle fibers red, and cytoplasm in shades of pink.

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Krajian's Method

A staining technique specifically for amyloid, a protein that can accumulate in tissues and cause disease. It stains amyloid deposits bright red.

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Bielschowsky's Method

A silver impregnation technique used for staining nerve fibers, especially the fine axons and dendrites. It stains these structures black.

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PAS (Periodic Acid-Schiff)

A stain used to identify carbohydrates, such as glycogen and mucopolysaccharides in tissue sections. It gives a magenta-pink color to these substances.

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Sudan Black Method

A stain for lipids, particularly fats and phospholipids. It stains these substances black.

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Mallory's PTAH Stain

A stain used to identify astrocytes in the central nervous system. It stains astrocytes blue-green.

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Gmelin's Test

A chemical test to detect bile pigments in tissues or body fluids. It produces a green-blue color change in the presence of bile pigments.

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Mounting Medium

A syrupy fluid placed between a section and the coverslip, securing it in place and preventing movement. Its refractive index is similar to glass (1.518) for optimal viewing.

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Refractive Index

A measure of how much light bends when passing through a substance. A high refractive index helps to see details under the microscope.

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Apathy's Medium

A mounting medium with a high refractive index (1.52), ideal for viewing methylene blue stained nerve preparations.

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Brun's Fluid

A mounting medium specifically for frozen sections from water or paraffin, requiring dehydration and clearing.

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Canada Balsam

A natural resin mounting medium extracted from the Canadian fir tree. It has a refractive index of 1.524 and is miscible in xylene.

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Ringing

The process of sealing the edges of the coverslip to prevent leakage of fluid mounts.

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Why is a high refractive index important?

A high refractive index allows for greater clarity and detail under the microscope by minimizing light scattering. This makes the specimen appear sharper and easier to observe.

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What is the natural resin medium recommended for most staining methods?

Canada Balsam is the natural resin mounting medium that works well with most staining techniques, as it is miscible in xylene and offers a suitable refractive index.

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Study Notes

Cytologic Techniques

  • Involves procedures for preparing tissues for microscopic examination.
  • Includes preparing and examining smears, preserving and processing tissues prior to evaluation.

Exfoliative Cytology

  • Studies cells removed from various body parts.
  • Includes lining epithelium, mucosal surfaces, and fluid aspirates.
  • Examples include female genital tract scrapings (vagina, cervix, uterus), male prostatic tissue, respiratory (sputum), gastrointestinal (gastric/duodenal), bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and body cavity fluids (transudates & exudates).

Significance of Exfoliative Cytology

  • Assessing cancerous conditions.
  • Assessing female hormonal activity.
  • Determining genetic sex.
  • Differentiating cancer from other diseases like infection or inflammation.
  • Determining cytologic indices.
  • Assessing fertility or sterility.
  • Diagnosing tumors (especially cancer).

Hormonal Index (HI)

  • Ratio between gonadotropin hormones (male: testosterone/androgen, female: estrogen/progesterone).
  • Determining reproductive system function.
  • Diagnosing fertility and/or sterility.
  • Diagnosing tumors, especially cancer.

Laboratory Diagnosis of HI

  • Smear preparation.
  • Direct microscopic examination.

Result of Laboratory Diagnosis of HI

  • Formation of palm-leaf or ferning crystals indicates fertility.
  • High estrogen and progesterone = fertility
  • Low estrogen and high progesterone = sterility.

Maturation Index (MI)

  • Comparison of immature and mature cells.
  • Determining the extent of disease in the body.
  • An increased MI is associated with cancer and hormonal abnormalities.

Pyknotic Index (PI)

  • Percentage of cells with shrunken, structureless nuclei.
  • Increased PI is associated with cancer and cellular degeneration.

Basophilic Index/Acidophilic Index (AI)

  • Percentage of cell staining capacity.
  • Normal staining (cytoplasm acidic = pinkish, nucleus basic = bluish).

Vaginal Index (VI)

  • Compares different cell types: mature superficial cells, intermediate cells, parabasal cells, and basal cells.
  • Determining the extent of disease (e.g., cancer, infection).
  • Assessing pregnancy.

Important Laboratory Methods in Cytology

  • Papanicolaou (Pap's) smear (routine cytologic procedure).
  • Cell block method (combination of cyto- and histopathologic techniques).
  • Millipore filter technique (for sedimentation).
  • Pre-cone or mini-cone technique (for direct biopsy).

Histopathologic Techniques

  • Prepares solid tissues for microscopic examination (from living or dead bodies).
  • Obtaining specimens (surgical, autopsy).
  • Methods for examining fresh tissue: teasing, squash separation, smear preparation.
  • Tissue processing: fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation, embedding, sectioning.

Decalcification Methods

  • Remove calcium salts from tissues (especially bones, teeth).
  • Using nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, trichloracetic acid, citric acid, and EDTA.

Other Staining Methods

  • Modifications of H & E.
  • Polychrome methylene blue.
  • Beef and Pundel stain.
  • Cresyl violet, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Feulgen reaction, Giemsa.
  • Immunofluorescence (for cancer, enzymes, and hormones).
  • Fluorochrome dyes (e.g. rhodamine, fluorescein, acridine).

Mounting

  • Placing a cover glass over a tissue section plus a mounting medium for permanent adhesion.
  • Example mounting media are water, glycerin, gum arabic, and resinous media.

Clearing

  • Removing alcohol from tissues and replacing it with a substance that allows tissue impregnation and mounts.
  • Using xylene, toluene, benzene, chloroform, cedarwood oil, aniline oil, tetrahydrofuran.

Embedding (Casting or Blocking)

  • Precisely arranging impregnated tissues in a mold using the specified medium.
  • Common methods include Leuckhart's embedding mold, plastic embedding rings and base mold, and disposable embedding molds.

Section cutting

  • Thinly slicing tissue blocks.
  • Using microtomes (plane concave, biconcave, plane-wedge).
  • Beveling angle is critical for consistent sectioning.

Types of Staining

  • Direct staining (Methylene Blue, Eosin).
  • Indirect staining (e.g. Potassium Alum, Erlich's Hematoxylin).
  • Progressive staining (staining elements in a specific order at a given time).
  • Regressive staining (overstaining then decolorization).
  • Metachromatic staining (specific dyes differentiate substances, e.g., methyl violet, cresyl blue).
  • Counterstaining (applying a contrasting color to improve tissue structural visualization; e.g., eosin with hematoxylin).

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Histology & Cytology Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Explore the essential cytologic techniques used for preparing tissues for microscopic examination, including exfoliative cytology. This quiz covers the significance of studying cells from various body parts, assessing cancerous conditions, hormonal activities, and identifying tumors.

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