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Questions and Answers
Which of the following stains is specifically used for staining blood?
Which of the following stains is specifically used for staining blood?
What does the wet film method primarily focus on?
What does the wet film method primarily focus on?
Which mounting type uses glycerine-jelly?
Which mounting type uses glycerine-jelly?
In which class of Pap's cytologic report would you find a normal cytology with 0-25% abnormal cells?
In which class of Pap's cytologic report would you find a normal cytology with 0-25% abnormal cells?
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What recent procedure utilizes gamma radiation for scanning?
What recent procedure utilizes gamma radiation for scanning?
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Which type of microscopy would be most suitable for identifying certain organisms?
Which type of microscopy would be most suitable for identifying certain organisms?
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What does the term 'RIA' stand for in recent procedures?
What does the term 'RIA' stand for in recent procedures?
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Which type of staining method relies on an antigen-antibody reaction?
Which type of staining method relies on an antigen-antibody reaction?
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What is the primary purpose of exfoliative cytology?
What is the primary purpose of exfoliative cytology?
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Which indicator is a sure sign of fertility according to laboratory diagnosis?
Which indicator is a sure sign of fertility according to laboratory diagnosis?
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What does an increase in the maturation index (MI) indicate?
What does an increase in the maturation index (MI) indicate?
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What does the absence of fern in a laboratory diagnosis suggest?
What does the absence of fern in a laboratory diagnosis suggest?
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Which of these is a common method used in cytology procedures?
Which of these is a common method used in cytology procedures?
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What does a high pycnotic index (PI) imply?
What does a high pycnotic index (PI) imply?
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Which sample type is NOT typically associated with exfoliative cytology?
Which sample type is NOT typically associated with exfoliative cytology?
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How is a Pap's smear prepared during the staining procedure?
How is a Pap's smear prepared during the staining procedure?
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What is the main goal of the fixation process in tissue processing?
What is the main goal of the fixation process in tissue processing?
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Which process involves compressing small pieces of tissue on a microscope slide?
Which process involves compressing small pieces of tissue on a microscope slide?
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Which of the following is NOT a purpose of fixation in tissue processing?
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of fixation in tissue processing?
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In what temperature range should tissues be kept during the dissection process in freezing techniques?
In what temperature range should tissues be kept during the dissection process in freezing techniques?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a good fixative?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good fixative?
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What type of fixative is frequently used in saturated aqueous solutions for renal tissue preservation?
What type of fixative is frequently used in saturated aqueous solutions for renal tissue preservation?
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Which histological technique requires the use of differential dyes?
Which histological technique requires the use of differential dyes?
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What type of action does autolysis refer to in the context of tissue processing?
What type of action does autolysis refer to in the context of tissue processing?
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Which stain is used specifically for identifying fibrin?
Which stain is used specifically for identifying fibrin?
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What is the main staining method for glycogen detection?
What is the main staining method for glycogen detection?
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Which stain would you select for staining myelin sheath?
Which stain would you select for staining myelin sheath?
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For the detection of lipids, which technique is not applicable?
For the detection of lipids, which technique is not applicable?
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Which method is specifically used for identifying astrocytes?
Which method is specifically used for identifying astrocytes?
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Which staining technique is used for the detection of amyloid?
Which staining technique is used for the detection of amyloid?
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What method is suitable for staining mucin?
What method is suitable for staining mucin?
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Which technique is most appropriate for the identification of phospholipids?
Which technique is most appropriate for the identification of phospholipids?
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What is the primary function of Acetone in tissue fixation?
What is the primary function of Acetone in tissue fixation?
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Which fixative should never contain glacial HAC?
Which fixative should never contain glacial HAC?
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What type of fixative is Newcomer’s Fluid classified as?
What type of fixative is Newcomer’s Fluid classified as?
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Which solution is known for its use in secondary fixation for better staining?
Which solution is known for its use in secondary fixation for better staining?
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What is the primary purpose of using a mounting medium?
What is the primary purpose of using a mounting medium?
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What is the primary role of Microanatomical Fixatives?
What is the primary role of Microanatomical Fixatives?
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Which mounting medium is specifically used for Methylene Blue stained nerve preparations?
Which mounting medium is specifically used for Methylene Blue stained nerve preparations?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of Compound Fixatives?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Compound Fixatives?
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What is a key characteristic of Kronig cement?
What is a key characteristic of Kronig cement?
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Which fixative is most commonly used for preserving myelin?
Which fixative is most commonly used for preserving myelin?
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What is the consequence of using a fixative with a pH of more than 4.6?
What is the consequence of using a fixative with a pH of more than 4.6?
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Which resinous medium can be neutralized and is known to change color upon exposure?
Which resinous medium can be neutralized and is known to change color upon exposure?
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What is the refractive index of the medium that should be close to that of glass for better viewing?
What is the refractive index of the medium that should be close to that of glass for better viewing?
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What is the purpose of ringing in the specimen preparation process?
What is the purpose of ringing in the specimen preparation process?
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What type of slides are typically labeled with a gum label?
What type of slides are typically labeled with a gum label?
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Which fluid is recommended for mounting frozen sections requiring dehydration?
Which fluid is recommended for mounting frozen sections requiring dehydration?
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Study Notes
Cytologic Techniques
- Involves procedures for preparing tissues for microscopic examination.
- Includes preparing and examining smears, preserving and processing tissues prior to evaluation.
Exfoliative Cytology
- Studies cells removed from various body parts.
- Includes lining epithelium, mucosal surfaces, and fluid aspirates.
- Examples include female genital tract scrapings (vagina, cervix, uterus), male prostatic tissue, respiratory (sputum), gastrointestinal (gastric/duodenal), bone marrow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and body cavity fluids (transudates & exudates).
Significance of Exfoliative Cytology
- Assessing cancerous conditions.
- Assessing female hormonal activity.
- Determining genetic sex.
- Differentiating cancer from other diseases like infection or inflammation.
- Determining cytologic indices.
- Assessing fertility or sterility.
- Diagnosing tumors (especially cancer).
Hormonal Index (HI)
- Ratio between gonadotropin hormones (male: testosterone/androgen, female: estrogen/progesterone).
- Determining reproductive system function.
- Diagnosing fertility and/or sterility.
- Diagnosing tumors, especially cancer.
Laboratory Diagnosis of HI
- Smear preparation.
- Direct microscopic examination.
Result of Laboratory Diagnosis of HI
- Formation of palm-leaf or ferning crystals indicates fertility.
- High estrogen and progesterone = fertility
- Low estrogen and high progesterone = sterility.
Maturation Index (MI)
- Comparison of immature and mature cells.
- Determining the extent of disease in the body.
- An increased MI is associated with cancer and hormonal abnormalities.
Pyknotic Index (PI)
- Percentage of cells with shrunken, structureless nuclei.
- Increased PI is associated with cancer and cellular degeneration.
Basophilic Index/Acidophilic Index (AI)
- Percentage of cell staining capacity.
- Normal staining (cytoplasm acidic = pinkish, nucleus basic = bluish).
Vaginal Index (VI)
- Compares different cell types: mature superficial cells, intermediate cells, parabasal cells, and basal cells.
- Determining the extent of disease (e.g., cancer, infection).
- Assessing pregnancy.
Important Laboratory Methods in Cytology
- Papanicolaou (Pap's) smear (routine cytologic procedure).
- Cell block method (combination of cyto- and histopathologic techniques).
- Millipore filter technique (for sedimentation).
- Pre-cone or mini-cone technique (for direct biopsy).
Histopathologic Techniques
- Prepares solid tissues for microscopic examination (from living or dead bodies).
- Obtaining specimens (surgical, autopsy).
- Methods for examining fresh tissue: teasing, squash separation, smear preparation.
- Tissue processing: fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation, embedding, sectioning.
Decalcification Methods
- Remove calcium salts from tissues (especially bones, teeth).
- Using nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, trichloracetic acid, citric acid, and EDTA.
Other Staining Methods
- Modifications of H & E.
- Polychrome methylene blue.
- Beef and Pundel stain.
- Cresyl violet, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Feulgen reaction, Giemsa.
- Immunofluorescence (for cancer, enzymes, and hormones).
- Fluorochrome dyes (e.g. rhodamine, fluorescein, acridine).
Mounting
- Placing a cover glass over a tissue section plus a mounting medium for permanent adhesion.
- Example mounting media are water, glycerin, gum arabic, and resinous media.
Clearing
- Removing alcohol from tissues and replacing it with a substance that allows tissue impregnation and mounts.
- Using xylene, toluene, benzene, chloroform, cedarwood oil, aniline oil, tetrahydrofuran.
Embedding (Casting or Blocking)
- Precisely arranging impregnated tissues in a mold using the specified medium.
- Common methods include Leuckhart's embedding mold, plastic embedding rings and base mold, and disposable embedding molds.
Section cutting
- Thinly slicing tissue blocks.
- Using microtomes (plane concave, biconcave, plane-wedge).
- Beveling angle is critical for consistent sectioning.
Types of Staining
- Direct staining (Methylene Blue, Eosin).
- Indirect staining (e.g. Potassium Alum, Erlich's Hematoxylin).
- Progressive staining (staining elements in a specific order at a given time).
- Regressive staining (overstaining then decolorization).
- Metachromatic staining (specific dyes differentiate substances, e.g., methyl violet, cresyl blue).
- Counterstaining (applying a contrasting color to improve tissue structural visualization; e.g., eosin with hematoxylin).
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Description
Explore the essential cytologic techniques used for preparing tissues for microscopic examination, including exfoliative cytology. This quiz covers the significance of studying cells from various body parts, assessing cancerous conditions, hormonal activities, and identifying tumors.
