Cytokines and Chemokines in Response to Bacterial Products Quiz

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What is the role of monocyte-derived macrophages in inducing the inflammatory response?

Monocyte-derived macrophages help in inducing the inflammatory response.

How do neutrophils migrate to sites of infection?

Neutrophils leave the blood and migrate to sites of infection in a multi-step process involving adhesive interactions that are regulated by macrophage-derived cytokines and chemokines.

What triggers the activation of integrin LFA-1 on neutrophils during migration?

Binding of a chemokine such as CXCL8 to its receptor triggers the activation of integrin LFA-1 on neutrophils.

Why are inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-⍺ necessary during the inflammatory response?

Inflammatory cytokines like TNF-⍺ are necessary to induce the expression of adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 on vascular endothelium. Signup and view all the answers

How do neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells to reach the tissue space?

Tight binding between ICAM-1 and integrin arrests rolling and allows neutrophils to squeeze between endothelial cells. Signup and view all the answers

What controls the movement of immune cells during the inflammatory response?

Immune cell movement is controlled by adhesion molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What are the important cytokines and chemokines secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages in response to bacterial products?

IL-1β; IL-6; CXCL8; IL-12; TNF-⍺ Signup and view all the answers

How do chemokines contribute to the immune response?

Chemokines recruit immune cells to sites of infection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TNF-⍺ released by macrophages during an infection?

TNF-⍺ acts on blood vessels to increase blood flow, vascular permeability, and endothelial adhesiveness for leukocytes and platelets. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the consequences of systemic release of TNF-⍺ in a sepsis infection.

Systemic release of TNF-⍺ can lead to shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple organ failure, and often death. Signup and view all the answers

What do acute phase proteins produced by hepatocytes bind to during the acute phase response?

Acute phase proteins bind to pathogens but not host cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune response?

TLRs are important pattern recognition receptors that recognize a wide variety of ligands, including bacterial cell wall components and microbial nucleic acids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhibitory receptors in NK cell function?

To recognize class I MHC molecules and prevent killing of normal host cells Signup and view all the answers

How do NK cells differentiate between normal host cells and virus-infected cells?

By monitoring the expression levels of class I MHC molecules Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major effector functions of innate immunity?

Inducing inflammation and blocking viral infection of cells Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of cytokines produced mainly by macrophages, DCs, and other innate immune cells in inflammation.

They activate endothelial cells, stimulate chemokine production, and increase neutrophil production Signup and view all the answers

How do neutrophils and monocytes migrate to inflammatory sites during innate immune responses?

Due to the effects of cytokines and chemokines produced by PAMP- and DAMP-stimulated tissue cells Signup and view all the answers

What do neutrophils and macrophages do in response to microbes during innate immune responses?

Phagocytose microbes and kill them by producing reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and enzymes in phagolysosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the integrin LFA-1 in neutrophil migration to sites of infection?

It is necessary for the binding between ICAM-1 and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immune response, what is the main function of chemokines like CXCL8?

Control the movement of immune cells towards infection sites Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for arresting the rolling of neutrophils on endothelial cells during migration?

ICAM-1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-⍺ in the immune response?

Trigger expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the controlled movement of immune cells from blood vessels into tissues?

Diapedesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adhesion molecules like ICAM-1 in the interaction between neutrophils and endothelial cells?

Facilitate tight binding to allow neutrophil passage between endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of CXCL8 in the immune response?

Recruit immune cells to sites of infection Signup and view all the answers

How do TNF-⍺, IL-1β, and IL-6 contribute to the body's response to infection?

Coordinating the body's response to infection Signup and view all the answers

What does TNF-⍺ do on blood vessels, especially venules?

Increase endothelial adhesiveness for leukocytes and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of systemic release of TNF-⍺ in a sepsis infection?

Multiple organ failure and frequently death Signup and view all the answers

How do blood clots formed in small vessels during an infection help in host defense?

Prevent spread of infection via blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of acute phase proteins produced by hepatocytes during an infection?

Bind pathogens but not host cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells recognize class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to prevent the killing of normal host cells by NK cells?

Inhibitory receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines activate endothelial cells, stimulate chemokine production, and increase neutrophil production in the bone marrow?

IL-1 and TNF Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of chemokines during innate immune responses to infection?

Recruit immune cells to the site of infection Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules do neutrophils and macrophages produce in phagolysosomes to kill microbes?

Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of TNF and IL-1 in inducing systemic effects during an immune response?

Induce fever and acute-phase protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

How do cytokines and chemokines produced by PAMP- and DAMP-stimulated tissue cells influence the migration of neutrophils and monocytes during innate immune responses?

Promote migration of immune cells to inflammatory sites Signup and view all the answers