Cytokines
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of cytokines?

  • Cytokine action may be local or systemic
  • Cytokines often influence the synthesis and actions of other cytokines
  • Cytokines have a single effect (correct)
  • Cytokine secretion is a brief, self-limited event

    • True or False: Cytokines are high molecular proteins.

  • False (correct)
  • True

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?

  • They may stimulate the activity of target cells
  • They may inhibit the activity of target cells
  • They may inhibit proliferation in target cells (correct)
  • They may induce differentiation in target cells

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of cytokines?

    <p>They bind to specific membrane receptors on target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells secrete cytokines?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the pleiotropic nature of cytokines?

    <p>Cytokines have multiple effects on target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the diversity of cytokines?

    <p>Cytokines exhibit great structural and functional diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cellular response to most cytokines?

    <p>Changes in gene expression in target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the responsiveness of cells to cytokines?

    <p>External signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells primarily produce cytokines in response to specific recognition of foreign antigens?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by mononuclear phagocytes in response to infectious agents?

    <p>TNFα</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of cytokines is mainly produced by mononuclear phagocytes in response to infectious agents?

    <p>Mediators and Regulators of Innate Immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells primarily produce cytokines in the category of Stimulators of Haematopoiesis?

    <p>Bone marrow and stromal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are included in the category of Mediators and Regulators of Innate Immunity?

    <p>TNFα, IL12, Type 1 Interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for improving the access of effector cells at the site of infection?

    <p>IL-1b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for increasing vascular permeability and activating NK cells?

    <p>TNF-a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for recruiting leukocytes?

    <p>CXCL-8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is associated with lymphocyte activation and can contribute to the development of fever?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for the activation of Macrophages?

    <p>Interferon ɤ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for the activation, growth, and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells?

    <p>Interleukin 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for the differentiation of naive T Helper T cells to T helper 2 (TH2) Cells, and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells?

    <p>Interleukin 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine stimulates Haematopoietic stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes?

    <p>Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine binds to the IFNGR and upregulates antigen presentation and lysosomal activity in Macrophages?

    <p>Interferon ɤ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells primarily produce Interferon ɤ?

    <p>NK cells and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor does Interleukin 2 bind to?

    <p>IL2R</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine stimulates B cell growth and increases antibody secretion?

    <p>IL5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine prevents apoptosis of lymphocytes?

    <p>IL9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is the central regulator of IgE synthesis, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyper-responsiveness?

    <p>IL13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interferons protect neighboring cells from viral infection and increase the expression of MHC molecules on the surface of neighboring cells?

    <p>Type I interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interferons activate Natural Killer Cells?

    <p>Type I interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells can produce Type I interferons in response to viral infection?

    <p>All cells of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT the role of Type I interferons?

    <p>Activate T cells and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions CANNOT be treated with Type I interferons?

    <p>Cancer (adenocarcinoma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Interleukin 8 (IL8 or CXCL8)?

    <p>Enhancing inflammation and enabling immune cell migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptors do Interleukin 8 (IL8) bind to?

    <p>CXCR1 and CXCR2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells primarily produce Interleukin 8 (IL8)?

    <p>Macrophages and Endothelial Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of chemokines?

    <p>To induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chemokines exert their effects on target cells?

    <p>By interacting with transmembrane receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the chemotactic response occur in the presence of a chemokine gradient?

    <p>Target cells move along the chemokine concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of chemokines?

    <p>Suppression of the inflammatory reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in guiding leukocytes to sites of infection or tissue damage?

    <p>Serving as chemoattractants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells display high concentrations of chemokines on their surface?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of homeostatic chemokines?

    <p>Organizing various cell types in different anatomic regions of the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for chemokines produced constitutively by stromal cells in tissues?

    <p>Homeostatic chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main functions of chemokines?

    <p>Acute inflammation and maintenance of tissue architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What induces the production of chemokines?

    <p>Microbes and other stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of chemokines?

    <p>Inhibition of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemokine is constitutively expressed in the thymus and specifically binds to T cells?

    <p>CCL17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemokine selectively recruits eosinophils and is implicated in allergic disease?

    <p>CCL11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemokine is important in recruiting white blood cells to sites of inflammation, including T cells, eosinophils, and basophils?

    <p>CCL5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokines are released during the acute phase response and lead to systemic responses, including fever?

    <p>TNFα and IL-1β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT triggers the acute phase response?

    <p>Allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acute phase proteins is responsible for trapping invading microbes in blood clots?

    <p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following acute phase proteins binds to exposed mannose on microorganisms, facilitating opsonization and complement activation?

    <p>Mannose Binding Protein (MBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acute phase protein is responsible for preventing iron uptake by bacteria?

    <p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acute phase protein downregulates inflammation and prevents tissue damage?

    <p>Alpha 1 - antitrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which acute phase protein binds phosphoryl choline on microorganisms and plays a role in opsonization, complement activation, and phagocytosis?

    <p>C Reactive Protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the physiological role of decreased synthesis of negative acute phase proteins?

    <p>To save amino acids for producing positive acute phase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical significance of measuring acute phase proteins (APP), particularly C-reactive protein (CRP)?

    <p>They reflect the presence and severity of an inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a negative acute phase protein?

    <p>Albumin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a positive acute phase protein?

    <p>Antithrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of serial measurements of acute phase proteins in the case of infection?

    <p>To assess response to treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

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