Cystoscopy and Proctoscopy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary purpose of performing a cystoscopy?

  • To evaluate rectal cancer
  • To check for heavy blood loss
  • To monitor the growth of intestinal polyps
  • To examine the inside of the bladder (correct)

Which of the following is a contraindication for performing cystoscopy?

  • Biopsy of a tumor
  • Active urinary tract infection (correct)
  • Evaluation of urinary retention
  • Routine examination of the bladder

Which complication is NOT associated with proctoscopy?

  • Difficulty in urinating
  • Heavy pain
  • Hematuria (correct)
  • Heavy blood loss

What is one of the indications for cystoscopy?

<p>Coagulation of hemangioma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cystoscopy allows for greater flexibility during examination?

<p>Flexible cystoscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms may indicate the need for an endoscopy?

<p>Persistent abdominal pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does endoscopy have over open surgery?

<p>It allows for photographic documentation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoscopy is specifically used for viewing the bladder?

<p>Cystoscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key disadvantage of endoscopy?

<p>It can only analyze a small area at a time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique uses high-frequency sound waves to identify diseases within the digestive system and lungs?

<p>Endoscopic Ultrasound (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step you must take before undergoing capsule endoscopy?

<p>Eat and drink no less than 12 hours before (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which endoscopic procedure is combined with X-ray to treat pancreatic and bile diseases?

<p>Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does narrowed band imaging enhance during an endoscopy?

<p>Visualization of internal organs through filtered light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of gastroscopy?

<p>To provide a reliable way to diagnose conditions in the upper digestive tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can indicate the need for a colonoscopy?

<p>Severe constipation or diarrhea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication associated with therapeutic colonoscopy?

<p>Injury to blood vessels causing bleeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can complicate the colonoscopy procedure?

<p>Anatomical challenges like a mobile sigmoid colon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gastroscopy mainly help to detect?

<p>Infections or cancers in the upper digestive tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for performing a colonoscopy?

<p>Minor abdominal cramps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic tool provides a clear view of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum?

<p>Gastroscopy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the limitations of gastroscopy?

<p>It is completely infallible for detecting all abnormalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the risks associated with ERCP?

<p>Death (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors could indicate the need for a cystoscopy?

<p>Blood in the urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of proctoscopy?

<p>To examine the rectum and anal canal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the complications of ERCP is true?

<p>Complications can occur in 1 to 5 percent of cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contraindication for performing an ERCP?

<p>Psychological problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for a patient to eat or drink after ERCP?

<p>The throat must no longer be numb (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anesthetic method is commonly used during ERCP?

<p>Local anesthetic sprayed on the throat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the pancreatic duct?

<p>Wirsung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary purpose of using endoscopy in the small intestine?

<p>To diagnose and treat small intestine conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a therapeutic use of bronchoscopy?

<p>Tamponade of endobronchial bleeding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided prior to undergoing bronchoscopy?

<p>Smoking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a known complication of bronchoscopy?

<p>Hemorrhage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoscopy focuses on the small intestine beyond the duodenum?

<p>Capsule Endoscopy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contraindicated in bronchoscopy?

<p>Uncorrectable hypoxemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure is performed to remove gallstones?

<p>Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should patients refrain from taking before bronchoscopy to avoid complications?

<p>Aspirin or ibuprofen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if there is uncertainty during the advancement of the endoscope?

<p>Pull back the endoscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the colon is identified as potentially difficult during a colonoscopy?

<p>Rectosigmoid junction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of topical anesthetic jelly during the pre-intubation phase?

<p>To relax the sphincters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the terminal ileum during colonoscopy?

<p>Closed entrance requiring deflection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized regarding air use during the colonoscopy procedure?

<p>Minimum air usage is preferred (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign that occurs when the colonoscope is in contact with the colon mucosa?

<p>Red-out sign (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with colon pathology during colonoscopy?

<p>Halitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of retroflexion during the colonoscopy procedure?

<p>To view the distal rectum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Endoscopy?

A procedure using a long, flexible tube with a camera to view and operate on internal organs and vessels.

When is Endoscopy Used?

Investigate unusual symptoms, help perform surgery, and collect tissue samples for analysis.

Types of Endoscopy

Laparoscopy (abdomen/pelvis), Hysteroscopy (uterus), Cystoscopy (bladder), Gastroscopy (upper GI), Colonoscopy (colon), Sigmoidoscopy, ERCP (pancreas/bile duct), Bronchoscopy (lungs), Laryngoscopy (voice box), Arthroscopy (joints), Nasopharyngoscopy (nose/throat), Otoscopy (ear).

Why is Endoscopy Done?

Diagnosis and treatment of conditions like bleeding, polyps, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

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What are the Advantages of Endoscopy?

Less invasive than open surgery, allows for detailed documentation, and has a low risk of complications.

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What are the Disadvantages of Endoscopy?

It can only view the surface of the organ and a limited area at a time.

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How Does Capsule Endoscopy Work?

A tiny camera in a capsule is swallowed to examine the digestive tract, senses are attached to the chest, data is recorded and displayed on a computer, the capsule is naturally passed, lasts for 30-60 minutes.

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What is ERCP?

A combination of endoscopy and X-ray to diagnose and treat diseases of the pancreas and bile ducts.

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What is Gastroscopy?

A procedure that allows doctors to examine the upper digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a camera attached.

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Is Gastroscopy Completely Reliable?

Gastroscopy is a reliable tool for diagnosing conditions like ulcers, infections, and cancer in the upper digestive tract, but it's not foolproof.

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What is Colonoscopy?

A procedure that involves examining the entire colon through the anus using a flexible tube with a camera, to look for abnormalities or pathologies within the mucosal lining.

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Is Colonoscopy Always Effective?

Colonoscopy is generally effective for detecting abnormalities in the colon, but certain anatomical challenges, like a mobile sigmoid colon, can make it difficult.

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How Long Does a Colonoscopy Usually Take?

Colonoscopy is usually completed within 30 minutes, and the discomfort depends on the individual's tolerance and the skill of the examiner.

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What are the Purposes of Colonoscopy?

Colonoscopy can be used for diagnostic purposes, like identifying abnormalities, and therapeutic purposes, like removing polyps.

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When is Colonoscopy Recommended?

Colonoscopy is commonly indicated for symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and unexplained anemia, as well as for post-polypectomy surveillance.

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When is Colonoscopy Not Recommended?

Colonoscopy is contraindicated in cases of perforated intestine, acute diverticulitis, severe ischemic necrosis, and fulminant colitis, due to the risks associated with the procedure.

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Rectosigmoid Junction

The junction between the sigmoid colon and the rectum, often causing difficulty during a colonoscopy due to its sharp angle.

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Colonoscopy

A procedure using a flexible tube with a camera to examine the large intestine, usually performed to diagnose or treat conditions like polyps, cancer, or inflammatory bowel disease.

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Inflation

The process of inflating the anus and rectum with a small amount of air to facilitate insertion of the colonoscope.

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Colonoscope

A flexible tube with a camera and light source used to examine the large intestine during a colonoscopy.

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Pain Reaction

A common discomfort experienced by some individuals during a colonoscopy, typically caused by the insertion or inflation of the colonoscope.

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Terminal Ileum

The part of the small intestine that connects to the colon, often visible during a colonoscopy using special techniques.

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Polyps

Small, outward protrusions in the lining of the colon, often diagnosed during a colonoscopy.

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Enteroscopy

A procedure using a flexible tube with a camera to examine the small intestine, especially areas inaccessible with a standard gastroscope.

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Cystoscopy

A procedure using a thin, tube-like instrument (cystoscope) to examine the inside of the bladder and urethra.

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Contraindications for Cystoscopy

A condition that prevents the use of a cystoscopy.

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Rigid Cystoscopy

A type of cystoscopy that uses a rigid, non-flexible instrument.

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Flexible Cystoscopy

A type of cystoscopy that uses a flexible, bending instrument.

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Uretroscope

An instrument used to examine the upper urinary tract, including the renal pelvis and calyx.

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What is the Bile Duct?

The duct that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine.

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What is Pancreatitis?

Inflammation of the pancreas, often a complication of ERCP.

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What is Gallstone Removal during ERCP?

A surgical procedure to remove a gallstone from the bile duct.

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What is Proctoscopy?

A procedure to examine the rectum and anal canal using a short, rigid instrument.

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What Conditions Require Cystoscopy?

A medical condition that involves frequent urinary tract infections, blood in the urine, a frequent urge to urinate, or painful urination. Can be caused by problems in the urinary tract, like stones or blockages.

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What is Cystoscopy?

A procedure to examine the bladder and urethra. It uses a thin telescope-like instrument called a cystoscope, inserted through the urethra into the bladder.

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Capsule Endoscopy

A procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end to view the inside of the small intestine.

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Double-Balloon Enteroscopy

A procedure that uses a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end to view the inside of the small intestine, especially the parts beyond the duodenum.

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Bronchoscopy

The use of a flexible tube with a camera on the end to examine the inside of the airways (bronchi).

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Sphincterotomy

A surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the sphincter of Oddi to relieve blockage caused by gallstones or other causes.

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ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

A procedure that uses a small, flexible tube with a camera on the end to view the inside of the bile ducts and pancreatic duct.

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Choledocholithiasis

A condition caused by gallstones that become stuck in the bile ducts, leading to inflammation and pain.

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Balloon dilation

A procedure that uses a balloon catheter to widen a narrowed or blocked bile duct.

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Stent placement

Any procedure that involves inserting a stent (a small, mesh tube) into a body cavity or vessel to keep it open and prevent it from collapsing.

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Study Notes

Endoscopy Exam Notes

  • Endoscopy: A procedure used to view and operate on internal organs and vessels of the body.
  • Endoscopy Uses: Investigating unusual symptoms, performing certain types of surgery, removing small tissue samples.
  • Endoscopy Types
    • Laparoscopy (abdomen or pelvis)
    • Hysteroscopy (uterus)
    • Cystoscopy (bladder)
    • Gastroscopy (upper GI)
    • Colonoscopy (colon)
    • Sigmoidoscopy
    • ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)
    • Bronchoscopy (lungs)
    • Laryngoscopy
    • Arthroscopy (joints)
    • Nasopharyngoscopy
    • Otoscopy (ear)
  • Indications for Endoscopy: Diagnosing and treating sources of bleeding, polyps, inflammatory bowel diseases, abnormal tissues.
  • Endoscopy Advantages: Less invasive than open surgery, descriptive documentation, low morbidity and mortality.
  • Endoscopy Disadvantages: Only view surface of the organ, limited area viewed at a time.

Capsule Endoscopy

  • Capsule Endoscopy: The latest technique using a small-sized video capsule to examine the digestive tract.
  • Capsule Endoscopy Procedure:
    • Capsule with camera swallowed.
    • Images transmitted as it passes through.
    • Sensors are attached to a belt around the waist to record data.
    • Images displayed on a computer.
  • Capsule Endoscopy Considerations:
    • Should eat and drink nothing 1-2 hours before.
    • No strenuous activity.

Endoscopy B

  • Da Vinci Surgical System: Robot-assisted surgery, improves dexterity, better control, reduces hospital stays, less staff/risk.
  • Conditions Typically Treated with Endoscopy: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), reflux esophagitis, esophageal ulcer disease, diseases of the esophagus to jejunum, malignancy.
  • Therapeutic Procedures: Hemorrhage, injections, clips removal of foreign bodies, dilation of strictures, stenting.
  • Other conditions: Gastroesophageal reflux disease, unexplained bleeding, esophageal blockage.

Endoscopy A

  • Investigating Symptoms: Vomiting blood, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), persistent diarrhea, persistent abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, unexplained vomiting.

Types of Endoscopy (cont'd)

  • Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Combines endoscopy and X-rays to visualize bile and pancreatic ducts.
  • Endoscopic Ultrasound: Uses high-frequency sound waves to identify digestive system and lung diseases.
  • Marrow and Imaging: Filtered light is used for better visualization of internal organs.
  • Chromolendoscopy: Dyes are installed to identify lesions before endoscopy.

Endoscopy C

  • Gastroscopy Reliability: Reliable test to identify abnormalities in the upper digestive tract (stomach, duodenum).
  • Gastroscopy Limitations: Not foolproof, may not detect very early or subtle conditions (such as early-stage ulcers or cancers).
  • Colonoscopy Indications: Constipation, abdominal issues, post-polypectomy surveillance, bleeding per rectum, unexplained anemia, and weight loss.
    • Colonoscopy Procedure: Examining the large intestine through the anus.

Endoscopy B (cont'd)

  • Surgical Techniques: Insertion of self-expanding metal stents, dilation of strictures, ERCP after procedures (such as Billroth, Roux-en-Y).
  • Types of Endoscopy: Upper GI endoscopy, enteroscopy, colonoscopy.

Endoscopy D

  • Anal Canal: Very short segment of the gastrointestinal tract from the anal verge to the dentate line.
  • Terminal lleum: Part of the small intestine, used for procedures that access the lower digestive tract.
  • Enteroscopy: Procedures used to examine the small intestine that is inaccessible by traditional endoscopy.

Endoscopy E

  • Therapeutic Bronchoscopy: Insertion of an endotracheal tube for general anesthesia, extension of neck, endobronchial bleeding tamponade, brachytherapy, lung insertion of radioactive material.
  • Bronchoscopy Complications: Pneumothorax (collapsed lung), hemorrhage, hypoxemia.
  • Bronchoscopy Preparation: Fasting 6-12hrs, no drinks, no smoking previous day.
  • Post-procedure: Vital signs, no food/drink for a specific time frame.

Endoscopy F

  • Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Special procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions affecting the bile ducts, gallblader, pancreas and liver. Combine endoscopy and fluoroscopy.
  • ERCP Indications: Detect causes of gallbladder or pancreatic duct problems.

Endoscopy G

  • Cystoscopy: Examine the inside of the bladder and urethra and used in procedures such as uretero-renoscopy (URS).
  • Cystoscopy Indications: Frequent urinary tract infections, blood in the urine (hematuria), frequent and urgent need to urinate, unusual cells in the urine, urinary pain, urinary blockage.
  • Cystoscopy Types: Rigid and flexible.
  • Ureteroscopic/Ureterosopy (URS): Examination of the upper urinary tract and renal pelvis.

Endoscopy H

  • Proctoscopy: Examine the rectum and anal canal with a short, rigid endoscope.
  • Proctoscopy Purpose: Detect diseases of the rectum, assess rectal bleeding causes, monitor polyp growth.
  • Proctoscopy Complications: Excessive bleeding after exam, difficulty urinating, severe pain.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cystoscopy and proctoscopy with this quiz. Explore the indications, contraindications, and complications related to these procedures. Enhance your understanding of flexible cystoscopy and its applications in medical practice.

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