25 Questions
Which type of diabetes is primarily insulin deficiency and occurs primarily in children and young adults?
Type 1 diabetes
What is the primary purpose of airway clearance therapy in cystic fibrosis?
To assist in the removal of mucus from the lungs
What is released in response to high glucose levels in the blood and plays a role in glucose metabolism and storage?
Insulin
What can severe lung damage over time in cystic fibrosis necessitate?
A lung transplant
What characterizes type 2 diabetes?
An inadequate response to insulin
What can be a cause of pancreatogenic diabetes?
Chronic pancreatitis
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the delta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans?
Somatostatin
What is a common cause of acute pancreatitis?
Excessive alcohol consumption
Which symptom is commonly associated with chronic pancreatitis?
Difficulty digesting and absorbing nutrients
What is the primary pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis affecting the pancreas?
Defective transport of chloride, sodium, and water leading to thick mucus in the pancreatic ducts
What are the mainstays of treatment for acute pancreatitis?
$ ext{IV}$ fluids, pain management, and antibiotics
What are the functions of the exocrine glands in the pancreas?
Aiding in digestion by secreting enzymes into the small intestine
Which of the following is a function of the exocrine tissue of the pancreas?
Secretion of alkaline pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
What is the primary function of lipase in digestion?
Digestion of fats
Which type of diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
What is the principal role of glucagon in the body?
To increase blood sugar levels
Which condition involves inflammation of the pancreas and requires immediate medical attention?
Acute pancreatitis
What is the primary focus of the exocrine tissue of the pancreas?
Production of digestive enzymes
What is the primary cause of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma (HHNC)?
Insufficient insulin leading to extreme hyperosmolarity of blood and dehydration of cells
What are the predisposing conditions for hypoglycemia in diabetes?
Skipping meals and vigorous exercise
How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose levels?
By adjusting insulin output
What is the primary goal of diabetes treatment?
Achieving blood glucose control as close to normal as possible
What causes gestational diabetes?
High placental hormone levels during pregnancy
What are the complications associated with diabetes?
Diabetic coma, arteriosclerosis, blindness, renal failure, and peripheral neuritis
What are the other causes of hyperglycemia besides diabetes?
Chronic pancreatic disease, endocrine diseases, drugs, and hereditary diseases
Study Notes
Pancreas: Endocrine and Exocrine Functions
- Pancreas consists of exocrine glands (98-99%) for digestion and endocrine glands (1-2%) for glucose metabolism
- The endocrine function includes pancreatic islets of Langerhans, with alpha cells secreting glucagon, beta cells secreting insulin, and delta cells secreting somatostatin
- Acute pancreatitis can be caused by blockage, gallbladder disease, excessive alcohol consumption, trauma, infection, surgery, CF, or idiopathic causes
- Acute pancreatitis can lead to severe abdominal pain, multiple organ failure, shock, and high mortality
- Upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting are common symptoms of acute pancreatitis
- Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis involves elevated amylase/lipase and imaging with ultrasound or CT
- Treatment for acute pancreatitis includes fluids, pain management, and antibiotics
- Chronic pancreatitis is common in chronic alcoholism and leads to difficulty digesting and absorbing nutrients, diabetes, and bile duct blockage
- Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis involves elevated amylase/lipase, X-ray or CT scan
- Treatment for chronic pancreatitis includes pain management, IV hydration, and pancreatic enzyme supplements
- Cystic fibrosis is a serious hereditary disease caused by mutation of CFTR, affecting the pancreas and other organs
- Cystic fibrosis pathogenesis involves defective transport of chloride, sodium, and water, leading to thick mucus that obstructs pancreatic ducts, bronchi, bronchioles, and bile ducts
Diabetes and Associated Complications
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma (HHNC) occurs in older, overweight, or obese adults
- Blood glucose levels increase 10 to 20 times normal value during HHNC
- Insufficient insulin leads to HHNC, causing extreme hyperosmolarity of blood and dehydration of cells
- Hypoglycemia in diabetes occurs due to insufficient or excessive insulin levels
- Conditions predisposing to hypoglycemia include skipping meals and vigorous exercise
- The pancreas regulates blood glucose levels by adjusting insulin output
- Treatment of diabetes involves diet control, insulin, and oral hypoglycemic drugs
- The goal is to achieve blood glucose control as close to normal as possible
- Complications of diabetes include diabetic coma, arteriosclerosis, blindness, renal failure, and peripheral neuritis
- Gestational diabetes is caused by high placental hormone levels during pregnancy
- Increased risk of T2D development is associated with gestational diabetes
- Other causes of hyperglycemia include chronic pancreatic disease, endocrine diseases, drugs, and hereditary diseases
Test your knowledge on the treatment and management of cystic fibrosis. Explore drug combinations for airway clearance therapy, prophylactic use of antibiotics, and potential need for lung transplant. Learn about medications to improve CFTR gene function and thin mucus, as well as the role of bronchodilators.
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