Cystic Fibrosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

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What is the primary defect in Cystic Fibrosis?

Abnormal transport of sodium ions

Inefficient transport of oxygen in the lungs

Defect in chloride channel protein (correct)

Impaired pancreatic enzyme secretion

Which type of lung cancer has the lowest association with smoking?

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma (correct)

Large cell carcinoma

Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma

What is the primary goal of inhaled recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (DNase) in Cystic Fibrosis treatment?

To break down the thick mucus in the respiratory tract (correct)

To reduce the production of sweat glands

To stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion

To enhance the immune system's response to infections

What is the current median age of death for individuals with Cystic Fibrosis?

Over 30 years of age Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of lung cancers attributed to cigarette smoking?

Over 85% of cases Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of lung cancers classified as Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)?

25% of lung cancers Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Sense of fullness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is associated with thoracic aneurysms?

Syphilis Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Grey Turner sign and Cullen sign in the context of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

They are signs of retroperitoneal bleeding, but not very sensitive for ruptured AAA Signup and view all the answers

What is the triad of symptoms indicating a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Abdominal pain, hypotension, and a palpable pulsatile abdominal mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate management for a patient presenting with the triad of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Emergent laparotomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common location of pain in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Hypogastrium and lower back Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of transudative effusions in pleural spaces?

Elevated capillary pressure in visceral or parietal pleura Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is most likely due to compression of the esophagus?

Dysphagia Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is most commonly involved in diaphragm paralysis?

Phrenic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the most appropriate next step in the management of an asymptomatic patient with a benign-appearing mass on CT scan?

Close observation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of a mediastinal mass?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic test of choice for evaluating a mediastinal mass?

Chest CT with IV contrast Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of a 10-fold increase in ALK-P levels?

Intrahepatic cholestasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of aperistalsis of esophagus in the United States?

Idiopathic Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of dysphagia in patients with achalasia?

Equal difficulty swallowing solids and liquids Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a normal GGT level in a patient with elevated ALK-P levels?

It confirms a bone or intestinal origin of the ALK-P elevation Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for weight loss in patients with achalasia?

Inability to consume adequate calories due to dysphagia Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical AST-ALT ratio in a patient with abnormal LFTs due to alcohol consumption?

The AST level is always higher than the ALT level Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of markedly elevated alkaline phosphatase and GGT levels in a patient's LFTs?

It suggests cholestatic LFTs Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended surveillance measure for patients with achalasia?

Surveillance esophagoscopy Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the liver reflected by the Prothrombin Time (PT)?

Synthesis of clotting factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the increased risk of esophageal cancer in patients with achalasia?

Sevenfold Signup and view all the answers

What is the common type of esophageal cancer associated with achalasia?

Squamous cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of a decreased albumin level in a patient?

Chronic liver disease Signup and view all the answers