Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the best way to begin preparation for a report titled 'What We Learned' regarding a recent incident involving a cybersecurity breach?
Which of the following is the best way to begin preparation for a report titled 'What We Learned' regarding a recent incident involving a cybersecurity breach?
- Decide on the color scheme that will effectively communicate the metrics
- Determine the sophistication of the audience that the report is meant for (correct)
- Include references and sources of information on the first page
- Include a table of contents outlining the entire report
Which action would allow a security analyst to gather intelligence without disclosing information to the attackers?
Which action would allow a security analyst to gather intelligence without disclosing information to the attackers?
- Upload the binary to an air-gapped sandbox for analysis (correct)
- Query the file hashes using VirusTotal
- Send the binaries to the antivirus vendor
- Execute the binaries on an environment with internet connectivity
Which of the following would help to minimize human engagement and aid in process improvement in security operations?
Which of the following would help to minimize human engagement and aid in process improvement in security operations?
- QVVASP
- SIEM
- OSSTMM
- SOAR (correct)
Which risk management principle did the CISO select when refusing a software request due to a high risk score?
Which risk management principle did the CISO select when refusing a software request due to a high risk score?
Which important aspect should be included in the lessons-learned step after an incident?
Which important aspect should be included in the lessons-learned step after an incident?
What is the best way for the security operations team to consolidate several threat intelligence feeds?
What is the best way for the security operations team to consolidate several threat intelligence feeds?
Which tool would a security analyst most likely use to compare TTPs between different known adversaries?
Which tool would a security analyst most likely use to compare TTPs between different known adversaries?
What step of the process does an analyst describe when actively removing a vulnerability from the system?
What step of the process does an analyst describe when actively removing a vulnerability from the system?
What action should the incident response team recommend regarding Joe's situation?
What action should the incident response team recommend regarding Joe's situation?
What is the best priority for the IT security team in a zero-trust approach?
What is the best priority for the IT security team in a zero-trust approach?
What action should the analyst take first to determine what happened during a security incident?
What action should the analyst take first to determine what happened during a security incident?
What is the most likely explanation for regular outgoing HTTPS connections from a data center server after hours?
What is the most likely explanation for regular outgoing HTTPS connections from a data center server after hours?
What should the SOC manager recommend to ensure new employees are accountable for following the company policy?
What should the SOC manager recommend to ensure new employees are accountable for following the company policy?
What would be the best threat intelligence source to learn about a new ransomware campaign?
What would be the best threat intelligence source to learn about a new ransomware campaign?
What is the most likely reason to include lessons learned in an after-action report?
What is the most likely reason to include lessons learned in an after-action report?
Which vulnerabilities should the vulnerability management team patch first based on priority scoring?
Which vulnerabilities should the vulnerability management team patch first based on priority scoring?
Which of the following has occurred when a user downloads software containing malware?
Which of the following has occurred when a user downloads software containing malware?
What should the CSIRT conduct next after isolating a compromised virtual server?
What should the CSIRT conduct next after isolating a compromised virtual server?
Which data should be collected first in a computer system during evidence acquisition based on its volatility?
Which data should be collected first in a computer system during evidence acquisition based on its volatility?
Which shell script function could help identify possible network addresses from different source networks belonging to the same company?
Which shell script function could help identify possible network addresses from different source networks belonging to the same company?
Which shell script function would help identify IP addresses from the same country?
Which shell script function would help identify IP addresses from the same country?
What should be completed first to remediate findings from a vulnerability assessment on a web server?
What should be completed first to remediate findings from a vulnerability assessment on a web server?
What is the most likely vulnerability in the system where the debugger command contains hard-coded credentials?
What is the most likely vulnerability in the system where the debugger command contains hard-coded credentials?
What should the company do with a proxy that has a CVE score of 9.8 and is not in use?
What should the company do with a proxy that has a CVE score of 9.8 and is not in use?
Which log entry provides evidence of an attempted exploit of a zero-day command injection vulnerability?
Which log entry provides evidence of an attempted exploit of a zero-day command injection vulnerability?
What is the most important factor to ensure accurate incident response reporting?
What is the most important factor to ensure accurate incident response reporting?
What is the best mitigation technique against unusual network scanning activity from an unassociated country?
What is the best mitigation technique against unusual network scanning activity from an unassociated country?
What is the best step to preserve evidence for an employee suspected of misusing a company laptop?
What is the best step to preserve evidence for an employee suspected of misusing a company laptop?
Which vulnerabilities should a security analyst prioritize for remediation based on the provided tables?
Which vulnerabilities should a security analyst prioritize for remediation based on the provided tables?
What type of vulnerability is being validated by the security analyst using the provided snippet?
What type of vulnerability is being validated by the security analyst using the provided snippet?
What action should be performed immediately after a web server was affected by ransomware?
What action should be performed immediately after a web server was affected by ransomware?
What would be missing from a scan performed with this configuration?
What would be missing from a scan performed with this configuration?
What method should be used to resolve issues with incomplete vulnerability reports?
What method should be used to resolve issues with incomplete vulnerability reports?
What best describes consistent requests from an internal host to a blocklisted external server?
What best describes consistent requests from an internal host to a blocklisted external server?
What best describes the output from a network mapping tool for a PCI audit?
What best describes the output from a network mapping tool for a PCI audit?
Which of the following CVE metrics would be most accurate for this zero-day threat?
Which of the following CVE metrics would be most accurate for this zero-day threat?
Which of the following tools would work best to prevent the exposure of PII outside of an organization?
Which of the following tools would work best to prevent the exposure of PII outside of an organization?
An organization conducted a web application vulnerability assessment against the corporate website,
and the following output was observed:
Which of the following tuning recommendations should the security analyst share?
An organization conducted a web application vulnerability assessment against the corporate website, and the following output was observed: Which of the following tuning recommendations should the security analyst share?
Which of the following items should be included in a vulnerability scan report? (Choose two.)
Which of the following items should be included in a vulnerability scan report? (Choose two.)
Which of the following would best protect this organization given exploitation of new attacks was happening approximately 45 days after a patch was released?
Which of the following would best protect this organization given exploitation of new attacks was happening approximately 45 days after a patch was released?
A security analyst recently joined the team and is trying to determine which scripting language is
being used in a production script to determine if it is malicious. Given the following script:
Given the following script, which of the following scripting languages was used?
A security analyst recently joined the team and is trying to determine which scripting language is being used in a production script to determine if it is malicious. Given the following script: Given the following script, which of the following scripting languages was used?
Which of the following most likely describes the observed activity concerning user accounts being compromised?
Which of the following most likely describes the observed activity concerning user accounts being compromised?
Which of the following items should be included in a vulnerability scan report? (Choose two.)
Which of the following items should be included in a vulnerability scan report? (Choose two.)
Which of the following will most likely ensure that mission-critical services are available in the event of an incident?
Which of the following will most likely ensure that mission-critical services are available in the event of an incident?
Which of the following solutions will assist in reducing the risk of shadow IT in the enterprise?
Which of the following solutions will assist in reducing the risk of shadow IT in the enterprise?
Which of the following logs should the incident response team review first when investigating a DDoS attack?
Which of the following logs should the incident response team review first when investigating a DDoS attack?
Which of the following best describes the current stage of the Cyber Kill Chain in which a malicious actor does not want to lose access?
Which of the following best describes the current stage of the Cyber Kill Chain in which a malicious actor does not want to lose access?
Which of the following steps of an attack framework is the analyst witnessing when an IP address runs scans across external assets?
Which of the following steps of an attack framework is the analyst witnessing when an IP address runs scans across external assets?
Which of the following best describes what is happening when the company receives targeted emails containing concealed URLs?
Which of the following best describes what is happening when the company receives targeted emails containing concealed URLs?
Which of the following recommendations would best mitigate the problem of finding the same vulnerabilities in a critical application?
Which of the following recommendations would best mitigate the problem of finding the same vulnerabilities in a critical application?
Which of the following inhibitors to remediation do critical systems that cannot be upgraded represent?
Which of the following inhibitors to remediation do critical systems that cannot be upgraded represent?
Which of the following most accurately describes the result of an Nmap scan for XSS?
Which of the following most accurately describes the result of an Nmap scan for XSS?
Which of the following is the best action to take after the conclusion of a security incident to improve incident response in the future?
Which of the following is the best action to take after the conclusion of a security incident to improve incident response in the future?
Which of the following is the best technique to perform analysis on a malicious binary file?
Which of the following is the best technique to perform analysis on a malicious binary file?
Which of the following pieces of data should be collected first to preserve sensitive information before isolating a server?
Which of the following pieces of data should be collected first to preserve sensitive information before isolating a server?
Which of the following security operations tasks are ideal for automation?
Which of the following security operations tasks are ideal for automation?
Under the terms of PCI DSS, which of the following groups should the organization report a breach of customer transactions to?
Under the terms of PCI DSS, which of the following groups should the organization report a breach of customer transactions to?
Which of the following is the best metric for an organization to focus on given recent investments in SIEM, SOAR, and a ticketing system?
Which of the following is the best metric for an organization to focus on given recent investments in SIEM, SOAR, and a ticketing system?
Which of the following implications should be considered on the new hybrid IaaS cloud environment for a vulnerability management program?
Which of the following implications should be considered on the new hybrid IaaS cloud environment for a vulnerability management program?
Which of the following is the best way to ensure that a security investigation complies with HR or privacy policies?
Which of the following is the best way to ensure that a security investigation complies with HR or privacy policies?
Which of the following must be done first when establishing a disaster recovery plan?
Which of the following must be done first when establishing a disaster recovery plan?
Which of the following should be the next step in the remediation process after identifying a vulnerability and applying a software patch?
Which of the following should be the next step in the remediation process after identifying a vulnerability and applying a software patch?
Which of the following has occurred according to the endpoint log entry reviewed?
Which of the following has occurred according to the endpoint log entry reviewed?
Which of the following best describes what the security program achieved by integrating security controls into a SIEM?
Which of the following best describes what the security program achieved by integrating security controls into a SIEM?
Given the Nmap scan output, which of the following choices should the analyst look at first?
Given the Nmap scan output, which of the following choices should the analyst look at first?
Which of the following must be done first when starting an investigation?
Which of the following must be done first when starting an investigation?
Which of the following describes how a CSIRT lead determines who should be communicated with during a security incident?
Which of the following describes how a CSIRT lead determines who should be communicated with during a security incident?
Which of the following will produce the data needed for an executive briefing on possible threats to the organization?
Which of the following will produce the data needed for an executive briefing on possible threats to the organization?
Which of the following describes what the analyst has noticed concerning HTTPS traffic to a known-malicious IP?
Which of the following describes what the analyst has noticed concerning HTTPS traffic to a known-malicious IP?
Which of the following can the analyst perform to see the entire contents of the downloaded files in a Wireshark FTP session?
Which of the following can the analyst perform to see the entire contents of the downloaded files in a Wireshark FTP session?
Which of the following documents should the SOC manager review to ensure the team meets contractual obligations?
Which of the following documents should the SOC manager review to ensure the team meets contractual obligations?
Which of the following phases of the Cyber Kill Chain involves the adversary attempting to establish communication with a successfully exploited target?
Which of the following phases of the Cyber Kill Chain involves the adversary attempting to establish communication with a successfully exploited target?
Which of the following vulnerability scanning methods would best meet the requirement of reduced network traffic for a geographically diverse workforce?
Which of the following vulnerability scanning methods would best meet the requirement of reduced network traffic for a geographically diverse workforce?
Which of the following describes the command detected in an exploit attempt?
Which of the following describes the command detected in an exploit attempt?
Which of the following factors would an analyst most likely communicate as the reason for the escalation of a CVE score from 7.1 to 9.8?
Which of the following factors would an analyst most likely communicate as the reason for the escalation of a CVE score from 7.1 to 9.8?
Which of the following systems should be prioritized for patching first according to a vulnerability report?
Which of the following systems should be prioritized for patching first according to a vulnerability report?
Which of the following scanning methods can be implemented to reduce access to systems while providing accurate vulnerability scan results?
Which of the following scanning methods can be implemented to reduce access to systems while providing accurate vulnerability scan results?
Which of the following functions can the analyst use on a shell script to identify anomalies on the network routing?
Which of the following functions can the analyst use on a shell script to identify anomalies on the network routing?
Which of the following security controls would best support the company in improving its posture against sensitive information disclosure via file sharing services?
Which of the following security controls would best support the company in improving its posture against sensitive information disclosure via file sharing services?
A security analyst is tasked with prioritizing vulnerabilities for remediation. The relevant company security policies are shown below:
Security Policy 1006: Vulnerability Management
- The Company shall use the CVSSv3.1 Base Score Metrics (Exploitability and Impact) to prioritize
the remediation of security vulnerabilities.
- In situations where a choice must be made between confidentiality and availability, the Company
shall prioritize confidentiality of data over availability of systems and data.
- The Company shall prioritize patching of publicly available systems and services over patching of
internally available system.
According to the security policy, which of the following vulnerabilities should be the highest priority
to patch?
A security analyst is tasked with prioritizing vulnerabilities for remediation. The relevant company security policies are shown below: Security Policy 1006: Vulnerability Management
- The Company shall use the CVSSv3.1 Base Score Metrics (Exploitability and Impact) to prioritize the remediation of security vulnerabilities.
- In situations where a choice must be made between confidentiality and availability, the Company shall prioritize confidentiality of data over availability of systems and data.
- The Company shall prioritize patching of publicly available systems and services over patching of internally available system. According to the security policy, which of the following vulnerabilities should be the highest priority to patch?
The Chief Information Security Officer wants to eliminate and reduce shadow IT in the enterprise.
Several high-risk cloud applications are used that increase the risk to the organization. Which of the
following solutions will assist in reducing the risk?
The Chief Information Security Officer wants to eliminate and reduce shadow IT in the enterprise. Several high-risk cloud applications are used that increase the risk to the organization. Which of the following solutions will assist in reducing the risk?
Study Notes
Vulnerability Management & Security Metrics
- Recent zero-day vulnerabilities are exploited without user interaction and have high confidentiality and integrity impact, suggesting immediate patching is necessary.
- CVE metrics for zero-day threats involve assessing Exploitability, Access Complexity, and the need for user interaction.
- Vulnerability scan reports should include affected hosts and risk scores to prioritize remediation efforts.
Tools & Strategies to Protect Sensitive Data
- Data Loss Prevention (DLP) tools effectively prevent exposure of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) outside an organization.
- Implementing a CASB (Cloud Access Security Broker) helps reduce shadow IT and manage risks associated with unauthorized cloud applications.
Incident Response & Investigation
- Identify the security incident’s cause through logs like CDN, DNS, or web server entries in case of a DDoS attack.
- The Cyber Kill Chain’s stages, such as exploitation and command and control, help understand the attacker's strategy in infiltration scenarios.
- Critical actions post-incident include reviewing processes and capturing data such as the primary boot partition for evidence preservation.
Security Policies & Compliance
- Organizations must report breaches under PCI DSS to the PCI Security Standards Council and relevant law enforcement bodies.
- Security operations should be underpinned by service-level agreements (SLAs) to ensure timely response and contractual obligations are met.
Vulnerability Scanning Techniques
- Agent-based scanning is preferred in hybrid environments to reduce network traffic and improve scanning efficiency.
- Credentialed scanning offers more accurate results while accessing sensitive systems with minimal exposure.
Risk Management & Decision Making
- Risk management principles include avoiding high-risk software deployments where necessary.
- The decision-making process during security incidents often refers to established policies for effective communication and actions required.
Human Engagement & Process Improvement
- Security tools like SOAR (Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response) minimize manual engagement, enabling quicker and more efficient responses.
- Continuous training and awareness for employees improve the organization’s security posture against data leaks.
Analyzing Malicious Activity
- Reverse shell attempts and other exploit mechanisms require meticulous analysis of endpoint logs to detect potential breaches.
- Use proper scanning and analysis techniques to understand traffic anomalies, enhance security posture, and identify vulnerabilities early.
Lessons Learned from Incidents
- Post-incident reviews are crucial for improving defenses, involving multi-team discussions to analyze what transpired and how processes can be enhanced.
- Relevant documentation of the incident can serve as valuable training material moving forward to prevent similar occurrences.### Incident Response and Security Measures
- Incident response plans must be updated after incidents, analyzing if internal mistakes occurred and who was responsible.
- Legal evidence gathered during incidents should be presented to law enforcement to assist investigations.
- Financial evaluations of incidents help determine the effectiveness of security controls in place.
Threat Intelligence and Analysis
- Consolidating threat intelligence feeds can be achieved using a "single pane of glass," which provides a unified view.
- Security analysts often use frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK to compare tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) of known adversaries.
- Understanding potential risks from new threats requires consulting specialized threat intelligence sources, particularly for critical infrastructure, such as aerospace manufacturing.
Incident Management and Remediation
- The process of isolating and removing vulnerabilities is identified as "eradication."
- Best practices for employee incidents include consulting HR or legal before taking action against employees suspected of wrongdoing.
- A zero-trust approach emphasizes reducing privileged accounts to minimize attack surfaces.
Forensic Analysis and Evidence Collection
- In incident response, evidence collection must prioritize volatile data, starting with running processes before stabilizing disk contents.
- For compromised systems, taking snapshots for forensic purposes should be conducted post-isolation from the network.
Vulnerability Management
- High CVE scores (e.g., 9.8) signal urgent vulnerabilities needing immediate action; often best to decommission unused systems to prevent risk.
- Credentialed scans improve the comprehensiveness of vulnerability assessments, capturing what external scans miss.
Security Best Practices
- Employees should formally acknowledge security policies to prevent policy violations, such as using unauthorized devices.
- Geoblocking or blocking specific IP addresses is an effective mitigation for suspicious scanning activities emanating from regions without business relations.
- During a ransomware attack, quick actions include quarantining the affected server to limit the spread of the malware.
Analyzing Security Incidents
- SIEM logs revealing consistent internal requests to a blocklisted server can indicate data exfiltration or rogue device activity.
- Vulnerability scanning that is improperly configured may miss important aspects, such as operating system versions or open ports.
Miscellaneous
- Logs indicating potential vulnerabilities like command injection should be thoroughly analyzed to gauge susceptibility.
- In cases of employee misconduct, a forensic image of devices is critical for preserving evidence during investigations.
Technical Considerations
- Script functions can aid analysts in identifying IP addresses and network behaviors, enhancing threat response and network monitoring.
- Analysts must prioritize vulnerabilities based on potential exploitation, directing remediation efforts where they are most critical.
This expansive view covers essential themes regarding incident response, threat analysis, vulnerability management, and general security practices.
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Description
This quiz focuses on effective strategies for preparing a report on cybersecurity incidents, emphasizing the importance of audience sophistication and initial preparations. Participants will explore various methods to enhance preparation and understanding of cybersecurity best practices.
