Ch. 1 Overview

• This chapter describes how the Army uses cyberspace operations and electromagnetic warfare (EW) in the operational environment.
• It also outlines the core competencies and principles of these operations and discusses the relationships between cyberspace operations, EW, and warfighting functions.

Overview of the Operational Environment

• Cyberspace operations and EW are essential for unified land operations as part of a joint force.
• Cyberspace operations employ capabilities to achieve objectives in cyberspace (JP 3-0).
• Electromagnetic warfare uses electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or attack the enemy (JP 3-85).
• Cyberspace is a warfare domain that uses the electromagnetic spectrum, requiring frequency assignment, management, and coordination.
• Spectrum management operations consist of spectrum management, frequency assignment, host-nation coordination, and policy adherence.
• Spectrum management operations prevent frequency conflicts and electromagnetic interference (ATP 6-02.70).

Cyberspace and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Cyberspace and the EMS are critical for operational success, with both U.S. and adversary forces relying on them.
• Superiority in cyberspace and the EMS gives commanders advantages.
• Cyberspace operations and EW can limit adversaries' actions, degrade command and control, and impair their effectiveness in other domains.
• Commanders must use cyberspace and EW capabilities to seize and exploit the operational initiative.
• Effective use requires commanders and staffs to conduct cyberspace electromagnetic activities (CEMA).
• CEMA involves planning, integrating, and synchronizing cyberspace operations and EW (ADP 3-0).
• Integrating and synchronizing these operations provides an information advantage across multiple domains.

Core Competencies and Fundamental Principles

• The Army relies on networked systems and weapons, requiring trained forces to protect them.
• Cyberspace and the EMS are congested and contested.
• Adversaries develop weapons that project power through cyberspace and the EMS.
• The Army uses cyberspace and EW capabilities to defeat threats, protect forces, and enable freedom of action.

Core Competencies of Cyberspace Forces and EW Professionals

• Enable situational understanding
• Protect friendly personnel and capabilities
• Deliver effects

Creating Understanding

• Cyberspace forces conduct intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance to understand adversary networks and systems.
• This enables commanders to understand adversary capabilities and vulnerabilities.
• EW professionals survey the EMS to collect combat information and understand adversary emitter systems.
• This helps understand friendly vulnerabilities and threat capabilities.

Protecting Friendly Personnel and Capabilities

• Cyberspace forces defend networks, platforms, capabilities, and data from malicious activity.
• EW forces protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from adverse effects in the EMS.
• EW forces recommend measures to mask emissions and mitigate enemy attacks to maintain operational ability.

Delivering Effects

• Cyberspace forces deliver effects against adversary networks, systems, and weapons.
• These effects enhance Army operations, reduce adversary combat power, and project power.
• EW professionals deliver effects in the EMS against adversary networks, systems, and weapons.
• These actions reduce adversary combat power, protect friendly forces, and enhance friendly forces and weapons' lethality.

Fundamental Principles

• Fundamental principles guide cyberspace and EW professionals.
• The principles are
• Operational focus
• Adaptability and versatility
• Global reach

Operational Focus

• Cyberspace and EW forces support a commander's operational design.
• Integrated and synchronized capabilities create dilemmas for the adversary.
• Collaboration across warfighting functions is essential.

Adaptability and Versatility

• Cyberspace and EW forces use capabilities adaptable to various mission requirements.
• Capabilities vary in force size and magnitude of effects.
• Cyberspace and EW capabilities may be primary or supporting efforts.

Global Reach

• The cyberspace domain increases the reach of cyberspace and EW forces.
• Effects can be delivered worldwide from various positions.

Operational Environment

• An operational environment affects the employment of capabilities and commander's decisions (JP 3-0).
• Conditions in cyberspace and the EMS can change rapidly.
• Friendly, neutral, adversary, and enemy actions can have effects.
• Cyberspace and EW effects can impact multiple domains simultaneously.
• Commanders must understand the OE to seize the operational initiative.

Operational Initiative

• Operational initiative involves setting tempo and terms of action (ADP 3-0).
• Gaining relative advantage, including information advantage, helps seize the initiative.
• Information advantage depends on accounting for the temporal nature of information and temporary effects.
• Faster action leads to greater information advantage.
• Cyberspace and EW capabilities enhance situational awareness and understanding.
• These capabilities also enable faster decision-making than adversaries.
• Protecting friendly information systems ensures command and control and surprise.
• Cyberspace and EW can slow enemy decision-making by disrupting sensors and communications.

Cyberspace Domain

• Cyberspace is a global domain within the information environment with interdependent networks and resident data (JP 3-12).
• Cyberspace operations use links and nodes in other physical domains to perform logical functions.
• Cyberspace is essential, inherently joint, inter-organizational, multinational, and often a shared resource.
• Friendly, enemy, adversary, and host-nation elements are all part of cyberspace.
• Cyberspace operations need links and nodes in physical domains for logical functions, using both wired networks and the EMS.

Cyberspace Layers

• Physical Network Layer
• Consists of IT devices and infrastructure in physical domains for data storage, transport, and processing.
• Includes hardware, computing devices, storage, network devices, and wired/wireless links.
• Requires security measures to protect from damage or unauthorized access.
• Owned by public or private entities, often crossing geo-political boundaries.
• Coordination at multiple levels is a must for cyberspace operations
• Joint doctrine refers to portions of cyberspace controlled as blue, gray, or red

Logical Network Layer

• Consists of network elements related in an abstracted way from the physical network.
• Based on logic programming that drives network components.
• Nodes in the physical layer may relate logically to form entities not tied to a specific node, path, or individual.
• Includes logical programming to find the best communications route.

Cyber-Persona Layer

• A view of cyberspace created by abstracting data from the logical network layer.
• Uses rules that apply in the logical network to describe digital representations of an actor.
• Cyber-personas are not confined to a single location and may link to multiple physical/logical network layers.
• One user may have multiple cyber-personas with different identifiers, including different work and personal emails and different identities on different Web forums, chatrooms, and social network sites.

Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS)

• The electromagnetic spectrum is a maneuver space important for control within the operational environment.
• It impacts all portions of the OE and military operations.
• The EMS is organized by frequency bands, radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays.

Trends and Characteristics

• Rapid proliferation of cyberspace and EMS capabilities has congested the OE.
• U.S. forces encounter challenges from threat and neutral actors
• Commercial aircraft/airports contribute to congestion in cyberspace and the EMS.

Key Trends and Characteristics Impacting a Commander's Ability to Use Cyberspace and the EMS

• Congested environments.
• Contested environments.
• Threats.
• Hazards.
• Terrain.

Congested Environments

• Both cyberspace & EMS are congested environments with neutral & threat actors transmitting & processing info
• Army's use of networked information systems has increased tenfold since 2000
• Neutral/threat actors have expanded cyberspace & EMS use for military/non-military purposes.

Contested environments

• State & non-state actors are contesting US advantages in cyberspace & EMS
• Wide Range of tech represents inexpensive ways for small or disadvantaged to pose a significant threat
• Low-cost cyberspace provides advantage against technology-dependent nation/organization and advantages those who cant oppose U.S. military forces

Threats

• Threat: Combination of actors/forces that can/intend to harm US forces, interests, or homeland (ADP 3-0)
• Umbrella term with potential to harm the United States or its interests
• Theats Include:
  • Enemies
  • Adversaries
  • Peer Threats
  • Hybrid Threaths
  • Inset Threats

Enemies

• Party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized (ADP 3-0)
• Also a combatant/treated as such under laws of war
• Advanced tech employed to attack Army forces in cyberspace & EMS to disrupt/destroy ability to conduct operations or collect information for strategic, operational, or tactical advantage

Adversary

• Party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party against which the use of force may be envisaged (JP 3-0)
• Not treated as a combatant however prevent/deter conflict by keeping them within a desired state of cooperation/competition

Peer Threat

• Adversary/enemy able to effectively oppose US forces world-wide enjoying position of relative advantage in specific region (ADP 3-0), including cyberspace & EMS
• Capabilities comparable to US Peer threats employ these capabilities to:
  • Collect intelligence, delay force deployment, degrade US capabilities, disrupt US operations
• Have electromagnetic attack (EA) capabilities =/> to US forces
• Can conduct advanced cyberspace attacks including:
  • Denial-of-service
  • Phishing
  • Eavesdropping
  • Malware

Hybrid Threat

• Diverse/dynamic combination of regular/irregular forces/criminal elements unified to achieve mutually benefitting effects (ADP 3-0)
• Diversity of hybrid threat complicates operations since hostility is coming from actors operating from various areas
• Complicates efforts to identify/characterize Threats in cyberspace & EMS

Insider Threat

• Person with placement/access who intentionally causes loss/degradation of resources or capabilities, compromises ability of organization or accomplishment of missions through espionage, support to terrorism or unauthorized release/disclosure of information about the plans.

Hazards

• Condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel, damage to gear/property, degradation of missions (JP 3-33)
• Disruption to cyber's physical infrastructure occurs due to: operator errors, industrial accidents, and natural disasters
• Events that make operations recovery from accidents that may require coordination with DOD

Electromagnetic Hazards

• Hazards from electromagnetic energy include these
• electromagnetic environmental effects
• Electromagnetic compatibility issues
• EMI
• Electromagnetic pulse
• Electromagnetic radiation

Hazards include:

• Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to personnel
• Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to ordnance
• Hazards of electromagnetic radiation to fuels
• natural phenomena effects Ex space weather, lightning, and precipitation static

Conflict and Competition

• Army faces competition/conflict in cyberspace & EMS from threats intending to diminish friend-capabilies
• Commanders must seek/exploit opportunities for success in cyberspace & EMS

Competition Continuum

• Cyberspace operations, EW, & spectrum management operations happen across the competition continuum
• The competition continuum describes a world of enduring competition through:
  • Cooperation
  • Competition armed conflict
• Superiority in cyber & EMS enables operations for goals/objectives assigned by the President & Secretary of Defense

Multi-Domain Extended Battlefield

• The enemy employs capabilities to harm US interests and operations
• In the information environment, space, and cyberspace they will:
  • Influence U.S. decision makers
  • Disrupt deployment of friend forces
• Land threats impede freedom of action across the air, land, maritime, space, and cyberspace domains
• They will disrupt EMS, sow confusion, and challenge the rights actions of US
• Commanders should use operations security to protect important friend information

Advantage Positions

• Army conducts cyberspace operations and EW to attain positions of relative advantage in cyberspace and the EMS, to establish information superiority
• A position where a commander can temporarily enhance combat power

Contributions to the Warfighting Functions

• Section describes cyberspace operations and EW to support the warfighting functions
• Specifies types of cyberspace operations and EW missions/actions involved

Command and Control

• Commanders rely on cyber & EMS for command & control
• The network in the command-and-control system below an element of DODIN
• Signal forces secure and defend DODIN-A to prevent intrusions
• Networks enable commanders units, shared understanding and interaction with subordinate units in near real-time
• EW supports command/control through friendly protection (EP) EP includes these tasks/functions:
  • Emission control
  • Mitigating electromagnetic environmental effects
  • Electromagnetic compatibility
  • Electromagnetic masking
  • Preemptive countermeasures
  • Electromagnetic warfare reprogramming

Movement and Maneuver

• Cyberspace Ops enhance power by decreasing enemy command/control, increasing friendly situational awareness, and negating enemy decision
• Space forces support friendly maneuver supporting close/deep area operations
• Operations support movement supporting movement tactics allowing communications with friendly forces

Intelligence

• Cyberspace, EW, & intelligence mutually ID aspects of OE to provide recommendations army courses of action during the DM process
• Cyber & EW forces also gather information for intelligence
• Intelligence enhances understanding the OE as well as defense/targeting

Functions

• Conduct Intelligence Analysis
• Collection products to enhance and understanding of - Network vulnerabilities - Ability to synchronize

Battlefield Preparation

• Also assess enemy to achieve the goal
• What actions or tools
• Use if adversary will include
• IPB

Support SIGINT

• ES and SIGINT functions the same
• ES and SIGINT id
• EMS send for targeting/characterization
• Providing for threats

Fires

• Is war fighting functions
• Employ attacks
• Degrading EMS abilities

Sustainment Organizations

• Supply Chain
• Logistical Forces
• Aerial Imports
• Sea Debarkation

This quiz explores the relationships between DCO-IDM and DODIN operations. It also seeks to understand the role of emission control and defensive Electronic Attack (EA) in protecting friendly forces. Furthermore, it covers the challenges posed by hybrid threats and peer threats in cyberspace.