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Questions and Answers
Which factor does NOT complicate computer crime investigations?
Which factor does NOT complicate computer crime investigations?
The jurisdiction for computer crimes is solely determined by the location where the crime was committed.
The jurisdiction for computer crimes is solely determined by the location where the crime was committed.
False
What are the two methods mentioned that make prosecution more difficult?
What are the two methods mentioned that make prosecution more difficult?
Encryption and steganography
________ among nations to investigate computer crimes may suffer in the absence of prior agreements.
________ among nations to investigate computer crimes may suffer in the absence of prior agreements.
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Match the following terms with their meanings:
Match the following terms with their meanings:
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What can increase the chance of escaping prosecution in computer crimes?
What can increase the chance of escaping prosecution in computer crimes?
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Technical expertise of agencies has no impact on the investigation of computer crimes.
Technical expertise of agencies has no impact on the investigation of computer crimes.
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What is the metaphor used to describe the varying degrees of computer crime seriousness?
What is the metaphor used to describe the varying degrees of computer crime seriousness?
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What is one method used by phreakers to gain unauthorized access to phone calls?
What is one method used by phreakers to gain unauthorized access to phone calls?
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The original ideology of hacking remains unchanged in contemporary hacking communities.
The original ideology of hacking remains unchanged in contemporary hacking communities.
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What type of individuals initially engaged in hacking as a form of role-playing?
What type of individuals initially engaged in hacking as a form of role-playing?
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Hacking is often motivated by ______, which can include profit and revenge.
Hacking is often motivated by ______, which can include profit and revenge.
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Match the motivation for hacking with its description:
Match the motivation for hacking with its description:
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Which of the following was a contemporary motivation for hacking?
Which of the following was a contemporary motivation for hacking?
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Social engineering methods include tactics like shoulder surfing.
Social engineering methods include tactics like shoulder surfing.
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What is one of the dated approaches to hacking mentioned in the content?
What is one of the dated approaches to hacking mentioned in the content?
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Which of the following factors can complicate the recognition and definition of computer crimes?
Which of the following factors can complicate the recognition and definition of computer crimes?
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Phreaking involves the legal use of telecommunications services.
Phreaking involves the legal use of telecommunications services.
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What term is used to describe the manipulation of telecommunications carriers?
What term is used to describe the manipulation of telecommunications carriers?
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The potential victims of computer crimes can include individuals, organizations, and __________.
The potential victims of computer crimes can include individuals, organizations, and __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of computer crime incidents?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of computer crime incidents?
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Early forms of computer crime included the theft of intangible digital assets.
Early forms of computer crime included the theft of intangible digital assets.
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Name one historical form of computer crime mentioned.
Name one historical form of computer crime mentioned.
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Which term refers to inexperienced hackers who use others' programs to exploit vulnerabilities?
Which term refers to inexperienced hackers who use others' programs to exploit vulnerabilities?
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Cyberpunks are known for their original, benign activities on the Internet.
Cyberpunks are known for their original, benign activities on the Internet.
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What is one way to reduce risks associated with social engineering?
What is one way to reduce risks associated with social engineering?
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The act of stealing credit card numbers is an example of _____ piracy.
The act of stealing credit card numbers is an example of _____ piracy.
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Match the following types of cyber criminals with their descriptions:
Match the following types of cyber criminals with their descriptions:
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Which of the following involves questionable activities by legitimate businesses?
Which of the following involves questionable activities by legitimate businesses?
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Intellectual property includes only patents and trademarks.
Intellectual property includes only patents and trademarks.
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What is one type of piracy that can occur via bitstream?
What is one type of piracy that can occur via bitstream?
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What complicates international cooperation in investigating computer crimes?
What complicates international cooperation in investigating computer crimes?
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Encryption makes it easier for prosecution of computer crimes.
Encryption makes it easier for prosecution of computer crimes.
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What are two methods mentioned in relation to creating difficulties in computer crime investigations?
What are two methods mentioned in relation to creating difficulties in computer crime investigations?
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Collaboration among nations to investigate computer crimes may suffer due to __________.
Collaboration among nations to investigate computer crimes may suffer due to __________.
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Match the complication with its description:
Match the complication with its description:
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What can increase the chance of escaping prosecution in computer crimes?
What can increase the chance of escaping prosecution in computer crimes?
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The location of the criminal always determines the jurisdiction of a computer crime.
The location of the criminal always determines the jurisdiction of a computer crime.
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What is one challenge faced by investigators when dealing with traditional problems in computer crime?
What is one challenge faced by investigators when dealing with traditional problems in computer crime?
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What was one of the primary motivations for early hackers?
What was one of the primary motivations for early hackers?
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Contemporary motivations for hacking do not include personal notoriety.
Contemporary motivations for hacking do not include personal notoriety.
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Name one method that phreakers used to gain unauthorized access to phone calls.
Name one method that phreakers used to gain unauthorized access to phone calls.
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One of the motivations for contemporary hacking is ______, often exhibited by disgruntled employees.
One of the motivations for contemporary hacking is ______, often exhibited by disgruntled employees.
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Match the following contemporary hacking motivations with their descriptions:
Match the following contemporary hacking motivations with their descriptions:
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Which of the following methods is classified as social engineering?
Which of the following methods is classified as social engineering?
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What technological change rendered some phreaking methods dated?
What technological change rendered some phreaking methods dated?
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The original ideology of hacking remains largely unchanged from its beginnings.
The original ideology of hacking remains largely unchanged from its beginnings.
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Who are considered inexperienced hackers that exploit vulnerabilities using others' programs?
Who are considered inexperienced hackers that exploit vulnerabilities using others' programs?
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Hackers and crackers refer to the same group of individuals with sophisticated skills.
Hackers and crackers refer to the same group of individuals with sophisticated skills.
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What may embolden individuals to commit crimes online?
What may embolden individuals to commit crimes online?
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Hacking only involves the use of advanced technology.
Hacking only involves the use of advanced technology.
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What does social engineering exploit to gain unauthorized access?
What does social engineering exploit to gain unauthorized access?
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What is a primary motive for some hackers?
What is a primary motive for some hackers?
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The act of selling stolen digital assets like credit card numbers is known as __________ piracy.
The act of selling stolen digital assets like credit card numbers is known as __________ piracy.
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Phreaking involves the manipulation of __________ carriers.
Phreaking involves the manipulation of __________ carriers.
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Match the types of cyber criminals with their descriptions:
Match the types of cyber criminals with their descriptions:
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Which of these describes the gray market?
Which of these describes the gray market?
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Match the following types of computer crimes with their characteristics:
Match the following types of computer crimes with their characteristics:
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Which of the following best describes early computer crime?
Which of the following best describes early computer crime?
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Insiders can pose a significant threat in social engineering scenarios.
Insiders can pose a significant threat in social engineering scenarios.
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Name one method to reduce risks associated with social engineering.
Name one method to reduce risks associated with social engineering.
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The technology used in a crime is always incidental to its commission.
The technology used in a crime is always incidental to its commission.
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Name a method that phreakers use to gain unauthorized access.
Name a method that phreakers use to gain unauthorized access.
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What contributes to the complexity of jurisdiction in computer crime investigations?
What contributes to the complexity of jurisdiction in computer crime investigations?
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Encryption makes it easier for the prosecution to convict offenders of computer crimes.
Encryption makes it easier for the prosecution to convict offenders of computer crimes.
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Name one traditional problem faced in the investigation of computer crimes.
Name one traditional problem faced in the investigation of computer crimes.
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________ can increase the chance of escaping prosecution in computer crimes due to delays in detection.
________ can increase the chance of escaping prosecution in computer crimes due to delays in detection.
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Match the following traditional complications with their descriptions:
Match the following traditional complications with their descriptions:
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Which of the following factors is likely to contribute to administrative apathy in investigating computer crimes?
Which of the following factors is likely to contribute to administrative apathy in investigating computer crimes?
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Technical sophistication is irrelevant to the seriousness of a computer crime.
Technical sophistication is irrelevant to the seriousness of a computer crime.
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What is one reason for the lack of international cooperation in investigating computer crimes?
What is one reason for the lack of international cooperation in investigating computer crimes?
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What was NOT a primary motivation for early hackers?
What was NOT a primary motivation for early hackers?
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Contemporary hacking motivations include economic goals like theft and personal notoriety.
Contemporary hacking motivations include economic goals like theft and personal notoriety.
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What is one contemporary motivation for hacking that relates to fulfilling curiosity?
What is one contemporary motivation for hacking that relates to fulfilling curiosity?
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The use of _______ boxes allowed phreakers to manipulate phone systems for free calls.
The use of _______ boxes allowed phreakers to manipulate phone systems for free calls.
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Match the following hacking motivations with their descriptions:
Match the following hacking motivations with their descriptions:
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What is an outdated phreaking method due to changes in technology?
What is an outdated phreaking method due to changes in technology?
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Hacking communities today are characterized by original anti-establishment ideologies.
Hacking communities today are characterized by original anti-establishment ideologies.
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Name one social engineering method mentioned that involves observing someone as they input sensitive information.
Name one social engineering method mentioned that involves observing someone as they input sensitive information.
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Which of the following is an early form of computer crime?
Which of the following is an early form of computer crime?
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Anonymity has no effect on the likelihood of committing online crimes.
Anonymity has no effect on the likelihood of committing online crimes.
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What term describes the manipulation of telecommunications carriers for unauthorized access?
What term describes the manipulation of telecommunications carriers for unauthorized access?
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The potential victims of computer crimes can include individuals, organizations, and __________.
The potential victims of computer crimes can include individuals, organizations, and __________.
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Match the following types of computer crimes with their characteristics:
Match the following types of computer crimes with their characteristics:
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Which of these is a reason that technology matters in computer crime?
Which of these is a reason that technology matters in computer crime?
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Online gambling is an example of an incidental use of technology in crime.
Online gambling is an example of an incidental use of technology in crime.
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Name one of the motivations for hacking in contemporary contexts.
Name one of the motivations for hacking in contemporary contexts.
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Which group is characterized as inexperienced hackers who use others' programs to exploit vulnerabilities?
Which group is characterized as inexperienced hackers who use others' programs to exploit vulnerabilities?
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Cyberpunks originally had a benign meaning that has since changed to a more negative connotation.
Cyberpunks originally had a benign meaning that has since changed to a more negative connotation.
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What term describes the manipulation of people to retrieve confidential information in the context of technology?
What term describes the manipulation of people to retrieve confidential information in the context of technology?
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Data piracy can include the sale of ________ numbers.
Data piracy can include the sale of ________ numbers.
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Match the terms with their definitions:
Match the terms with their definitions:
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Which of the following represents legitimate businesses engaging in questionable activities?
Which of the following represents legitimate businesses engaging in questionable activities?
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The theft of intellectual property only includes patents and trademarks.
The theft of intellectual property only includes patents and trademarks.
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What is one method to reduce risks associated with social engineering?
What is one method to reduce risks associated with social engineering?
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Technical sophistication of criminals varies
- Severity of cybercrime can be measured by technical expertise of investigators
Traditional Problems
- Location of crime is used to determine jurisdiction
- Computer crime may affect jurisdictions where the criminal and the victim live
- International cooperation is difficult due to lack of agreements
- Encryption or hiding information makes prosecution difficult
- Delayed detection increases the likelihood of escaping prosecution
- Perception of anonymity encourages crime
Recognizing and Defining Computer Crime
- Targets include individuals, organizations, or countries
- Fruits of illegal activity need to be identified
- The degree to which technology is involved is important
- The extent to which computer technology is involved helps determine the severity of the crime
- Early forms of computer crime included the theft of physical technology or sabotage
Phreakers: Yesterday’s Hackers
- Phreaking is the manipulation of telecommunications carriers to gain knowledge or steal services
- Methods used include social engineering (stealing codes), blue boxes (devices that deceive switching systems), and theft and sale of stolen access codes
Evolution in the Hacking Community
- Early hackers were young, socially inept, and fascinated with computer technology
- Early hackers were motivated by anti-establishment ideology or to reduce the cost of downloading
Contemporary Hacking Communities
- Contemporary hackers are motivated by profit, revenge, notoriety, boredom, voyeurism, intellectual challenge, sexual gratification, or political goals
Hierarchy of Contemporary Cyber-Criminals
- Script kiddies use others' programs to exploit vulnerabilities and compromise computer systems, but don't understand the programs
- Cyberpunks is a term law enforcement uses to describe those who cause havoc on the internet
- Hackers/Crackers are sophisticated computer criminals
- Cyber-criminal organizations pose a significant threat to computer security
Social Engineering
- Takes advantage of people who use technology
- Insiders may be the most dangerous, intentionally or unintentionally
- Security awareness training can reduce risks
Computers as Commodities
- The black market involves criminal organizations, while the gray market involves legitimate businesses engaging in questionable activities
- Software can be counterfeited, stolen, or pirated
Theft of Intellectual Property
- IP includes patents, trademarks, copyrights, software, music, film, and television
- Piracy can be conducted through the use of bitstream
Criminal Sophistication
- Criminals have varying levels of expertise.
- Criminal sophistication is reflected by the expertise of investigators.
Traditional Crime Problems
- Jurisdictional issues based on crime location.
- Computer crimes may fall under laws of both victim and criminal locations.
- Lack of international cooperation.
- Encryption and steganography make it harder to prosecute and can lead to escaped prosecution.
- Perception of anonymity may encourage committing crimes.
Recognizing Computer Crime
- Targets include individuals, organizations, and countries.
- Means involve technology, with variations in how much technology is required for the crime (e.g., hacking vs. phishing).
- Incidentals: to what degree is technology incidental to the crime? (e.g., online gambling vs. falsified insurance claims).
- History: Early forms of computer crime included physical technology theft and sabotage.
Phreakers
- Phreaking involves manipulating telecommunications for knowledge and theft of services.
- Includes illegal use, manipulation of codes and systems.
Phreaking Methods
- Social engineering like shoulder surfing.
- Blue boxes, devices that deceive switching systems for free calls.
- Constant development of new strategies, including theft and sale of access codes.
Evolution of Hackers
- Early hacking was conducted via role-playing games, often by younger individuals with technical fascination.
- Early motivation was anti-establishment ideology or cost-related.
Motivation for Contemporary Hacking
- Profit and economic goals (theft).
- Revenge (disgruntled employees).
- Personal notoriety.
- Relief from boredom.
- Informational voyeurism.
- Intellectual challenge.
- Sexual gratification.
- Political goals.
Hierarchy of Cyber Criminals
- Script kiddies: Inexperienced hackers who use pre-written scripts to exploit vulnerabilities.
- Cyberpunks: Term used by law enforcement for those involved in cybercrime.
- Hackers/crackers: Sophisticated computer criminals.
- Cyber-criminal organizations: Considered a greater threat.
Social Engineering
- Takes advantage of technology users.
- Insiders can be a significant threat, both intentionally and unintentionally.
- Security awareness training can mitigate these risks.
Computer Commodities
- Black market involves criminal organizations.
- Gray market involves questionable activities by legitimate businesses.
- Software can be stolen, counterfeited, and pirated.
- Data piracy includes the sale of credit card numbers.
Theft of Intellectual Property
- Includes patents, trademarks, and copyright.
- Software is protected by copyright.
- Piracy of films and television can be conducted via bitstream.
Traditional Problems with Investigating Computer Crime
- Computer crime poses traditional problems for law enforcement.
- Jurisdictions are based on the location of a crime, however, computer crimes can occur in multiple locations.
- International cooperation can be difficult due to lack of agreements and cultural differences.
- Encryption, steganography, and anonymity make it difficult to prosecute computer crimes.
Recognizing and Defining Computer Crime
- Defining computer crime can be difficult based on several factors.
- Victim targeting can be complex: individuals, organizations, or countries.
- The nature of the crime can vary, involving various means and using technology to different extents.
- The use of computers in a crime might be incidental. For instance, online gambling compared to filing a false insurance claim.
- Computer crime has a history ranging from physical theft of technology to digital sabotage.
Phreakers: Early Hackers
- Phreaking involves manipulating telecommunications systems to access services illegally.
- This manipulation includes using unauthorized access codes, tones, and switching systems.
- Methods included social engineering (shoulder surfing) and using blue boxes that mimicked switching systems.
- Phreaking evolved with technology, with new strategies like stealing and selling access codes.
Evolution in the Hacking Community
- Early hackers were often young, fascinated with technology, and driven by anti-establishment ideals or cost reduction.
- Contemporary hacking motivations are driven by profit, revenge, personal notoriety, boredom, information seeking, challenge, sexual gratification, and political goals.
Hierarchy of Contemporary Cybercriminals
- Script kiddies are inexperienced hackers who use pre-made tools to exploit vulnerabilities. They lack understanding of these tools.
- Cyberpunks are a law enforcement term used for those who disrupt the internet.
- Hackers/Crackers refer to sophisticated computer criminals.
- Cybercriminal organizations are a significant threat.
Social Engineering
- Social engineering leverages people's trusting nature.
- Insiders, both accidentally and intentionally, pose a serious risk.
- Security awareness training is crucial to mitigate risks.
Computers as Commodities
- Black markets involve criminal organizations, while gray markets involve legitimate businesses engaging in questionable practices.
- Software can be subject to theft and counterfeiting.
- Data piracy includes activities like selling stolen credit card numbers.
Theft of Intellectual Property
- Intellectual property (IP) includes patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
- Software is copyright-protected.
- Film and television piracy can be accomplished through bitstream manipulation.
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Description
This quiz explores the complexities of cybercrime, focusing on its technical sophistication and jurisdictional challenges. It discusses the difficulties of international cooperation and the impact of technology on crime severity. Participants will gain insights into defining computer crime and recognizing its evolution.