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Questions and Answers
What are the two general categories of cybercrime?
What are the two general categories of cybercrime?
What is one key reason cybercrime is considered a serious offense?
What is one key reason cybercrime is considered a serious offense?
How much potential financial loss is attributed to cybercrime annually, according to the 2018 study?
How much potential financial loss is attributed to cybercrime annually, according to the 2018 study?
What is a major challenge in combating cybercrime?
What is a major challenge in combating cybercrime?
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Which of the following is NOT generally considered a type of cybercrime?
Which of the following is NOT generally considered a type of cybercrime?
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What factor contributes most to the frequency of cybercrime occurrences?
What factor contributes most to the frequency of cybercrime occurrences?
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Which terms describe state-sponsored malicious activities in cyberspace?
Which terms describe state-sponsored malicious activities in cyberspace?
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Which type of firewall analyzes the context of network traffic rather than just the packet headers?
Which type of firewall analyzes the context of network traffic rather than just the packet headers?
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What is a key advantage of using a Proxy Firewall over a traditional packet filter?
What is a key advantage of using a Proxy Firewall over a traditional packet filter?
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Which type of firewall combines traditional features with advanced security capabilities such as intrusion prevention?
Which type of firewall combines traditional features with advanced security capabilities such as intrusion prevention?
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Which aspect of SSL/TLS ensures that even if data is intercepted during transmission, it remains unreadable?
Which aspect of SSL/TLS ensures that even if data is intercepted during transmission, it remains unreadable?
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What is a primary function of Cloud Firewalls?
What is a primary function of Cloud Firewalls?
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What distinguishes white hat hackers from other types of hackers?
What distinguishes white hat hackers from other types of hackers?
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Which of the following best describes software piracy?
Which of the following best describes software piracy?
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How can hacking compromise a system's security?
How can hacking compromise a system's security?
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What is a key legal consequence of hacking?
What is a key legal consequence of hacking?
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Which type of crime related to IPR encompasses downloading pirated content?
Which type of crime related to IPR encompasses downloading pirated content?
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What is a significant challenge posed by counterfeit documents?
What is a significant challenge posed by counterfeit documents?
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What general term describes unauthorized access and manipulation of computer systems?
What general term describes unauthorized access and manipulation of computer systems?
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Which of the following best represents grey hat hackers?
Which of the following best represents grey hat hackers?
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What is a primary goal of white hat hackers?
What is a primary goal of white hat hackers?
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What happens to the hash value when there is a small change in the input data?
What happens to the hash value when there is a small change in the input data?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary purpose of cryptographic digests?
Which of the following is NOT a primary purpose of cryptographic digests?
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How is the integrity of data ensured using hash functions?
How is the integrity of data ensured using hash functions?
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What is the role of the private key in digital signatures?
What is the role of the private key in digital signatures?
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Which of these hash functions is considered insecure for cryptographic purposes?
Which of these hash functions is considered insecure for cryptographic purposes?
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What do systems store instead of actual passwords for secure storage?
What do systems store instead of actual passwords for secure storage?
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What characterizes symmetric cryptography?
What characterizes symmetric cryptography?
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What is the primary role of firewalls in network security?
What is the primary role of firewalls in network security?
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What is the first step in symmetric cryptography?
What is the first step in symmetric cryptography?
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Which mechanism used by firewalls evaluates the state of active connections?
Which mechanism used by firewalls evaluates the state of active connections?
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When a user logs in, what does the system do with the entered password?
When a user logs in, what does the system do with the entered password?
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What does the receiver do upon receiving data that has been transmitted with a hash?
What does the receiver do upon receiving data that has been transmitted with a hash?
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Which type of filtering allows firewalls to inspect the actual content of data packets?
Which type of filtering allows firewalls to inspect the actual content of data packets?
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How do firewalls enforce security policies?
How do firewalls enforce security policies?
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What is the function of proxy filtering in firewalls?
What is the function of proxy filtering in firewalls?
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What is the significance of logging and monitoring in firewall operations?
What is the significance of logging and monitoring in firewall operations?
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What does packet filtering primarily examine?
What does packet filtering primarily examine?
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Which category of firewall works at Layer 3 of the OSI model?
Which category of firewall works at Layer 3 of the OSI model?
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What risk is reduced by firewalls preventing unauthorized communication between networks?
What risk is reduced by firewalls preventing unauthorized communication between networks?
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Which of the following is NOT a key mechanism used by firewalls?
Which of the following is NOT a key mechanism used by firewalls?
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Study Notes
Cyber Crime Introduction
- Cybercrime encompasses crimes involving computers and networks.
- Computers can be used as weapons or targets in criminal activities.
- Cybercrimes include fraud, identity theft, and privacy violations, especially through the internet.
- Cybercrime impacts personal and national security and financial health.
- Cybercrime comprises two main categories:
- Crimes targeting computer networks/devices (e.g., viruses, DoS attacks).
- Crimes using computer networks for other criminal activities (e.g., cyberstalking, fraud).
Why Cybercrime is a Grave Offense
- Cybercrime involves the interception and leakage of sensitive information, including military deployments, government communications, and personal data of high-value individuals. This can affect national security and privacy.
- Cybercrimes can involve both state and non-state actors, crossing international borders.
- Cyberwarfare is a term for cross-border cybercrimes involving at least one nation-state.
- A 2018 study, in partnership with McAfee, estimated that $600 billion (nearly 1% of global GDP) is lost to cybercrime annually.
Challenges of Cybercrime
- Lack of awareness regarding cyber rights among people, particularly in developing nations.
- Cybercriminals often operate anonymously, making it difficult to trace their actions or hold them accountable.
- Low numbers of reported cybercrime cases in many jurisdictions hamper effective response and detection.
- Cybercrimes are frequently committed by educated, technologically adept individuals.
- Harsh punishments are not present in all cybercrime cases which can encourage criminal behaviour.
Prevention of Cybercrime
- Using strong, varied usernames and passwords, and avoiding writing them down.
- Employing sophisticated antivirus software on personal devices and computers.
- Maintaining privacy settings on social media platforms.
- Regularly updating device software to mitigate vulnerabilities.
- Using secure networks (avoiding public Wi-Fi for sensitive activities).
- Avoiding suspicious email attachments.
- Maintaining up-to-date software and operating system versions.
Laws Against Cybercrime in India
- The Information Technology Act (IT Act) 2000 covers various types of cybercrimes in India.
- Cybercrimes covered include: Identity theft, Cyberterrorism, Cyberbullying, Hacking, Defamation, Trade Secrets, Freedom of Speech, Harassment, and Stalking.
Classification of Cybercrime
- Cyberterrorism involves violent acts committed via internet or computer systems that result in the loss of human life.
- Cyber-extortion occurs when a website or computer system faces repeated denial-of-service or other malicious attacks from hackers.
Types of Hackers
- White hat hackers engage in ethical hacking, aiming to enhance security by identifying and fixing vulnerabilities.
- Grey hat hackers employ ambiguous methods, sometimes without authorization, often with the aim of receiving a reward for identifying vulnerabilities.
- Black hat hackers operate with malicious intent, performing unauthorized actions for personal gain or harm.
Phases of Hacking
- Reconnaissance: Gathering information about the target system.
- Scanning: Identifying potential vulnerabilities.
- Gaining Access: Exploiting vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized entry.
- Maintaining Access: Establishing persistent presence within the system.
- Covering Tracks: Concealing traces of hacking activity.
Security Threats and CIA Triad
- Risk: The likelihood of a negative security event and its impact on a target.
- Threat: Something that could harm a target (an entity).
- Vulnerability: A flaw in a target that adversaries can exploit.
- Exploit: An attack exploiting a vulnerability (an action taken by an attacker).
- The CIA Triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) is a key model in security.
- Confidentiality: Limiting access to authorized users.
- Integrity: Ensuring data accuracy and preventing unauthorized modifications.
- Availability: Ensuring resources are accessible when needed.
Cyber Attacks Categories
- Malware Attacks (viruses, worms, Trojans).
- Phishing.
- Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attacks.
- Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks.
- Ransomware attacks.
- SQL Injection.
- Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
- Drive-by Downloads.
- Credential Stuffing.
- Social Engineering attacks.
- IoT-based attacks.
- Zero-Day exploits.
- Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs).
Types of Malware
- Virus.
- Worm.
- Trojan horse.
- Rootkit.
- Adware.
- Spyware.
- Keylogger.
- Botnet.
Virus Scanners
- Software identifying virus signatures or suspicious behaviour.
- Email and attachment checking is a common method.
- Download scanning detects malicious programs.
- File scanning compares files to known virus signatures.
- Heuristic scanning analyses the actions of a file to identify if its behavior is like that of a virus.
- Sandbox technique is used where a file is executed in a protected environment.
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
- Network-Based IDS (NIDS) monitors network traffic in real time.
- Host-Based IDS (HIDS) monitors activities on individual devices.
- Hybrid IDS combines network and host monitoring.
- Signature-based detection identifies known malicious patterns.
- Anomaly-based detection identifies deviations from normal behavior.
Firewalls
- Firewalls act as barriers between networks.
- Packet filtering examines packet headers for matching rules.
- Stateful inspection monitors active connections.
- Proxy filtering acts as an intermediary.
- Deep packet inspection examines packet contents.
- Categories include: Packet Filtering, Stateful Inspection, Proxy, and Next-Generation.
- Essential for access control, network security; prevention of unauthorized communication.
SSL/TLS
- SSL/TLS encrypts data transmitted over the internet.
- Key roles: Encryption, data integrity, authentication.
- Protects confidentiality, data integrity, and authenticity of communication.
- Protects login credentials, online transactions, and web browsing.
Securing Log in Credentials, Online Transactions, Web Browsing
- SSL/TLS secures logins, transactions, and browsing.
- Protects confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data.
Virtual Private Networks
- VPNs create secure connections over public networks.
- Three types: PPTP, L2TP, and IPsec.
- Authentication and authorization are essential for securing VPN usage.
- VPNs use encryption to protect data transmitted between users and endpoints.
Authentication and Authorization
- Authentication verifies user identity.
- Authorization grants access based on verified identity and permissions.
- Authentication factors include knowledge, possession, and biometric factors.
Information Security Standards and IPRs
- Cyber Laws (IT Law) address various aspects of information and technology.
- Legal protection related to software, data security, and e-commerce.
- Includes topics like fraudulent activities, copyright infringement, trade secrets, defamation, etc.
- Laws cover issues from user rights to online transactions.
Concept of Patent Rights
- Patents provide exclusive rights to inventors for novel, useful, and non-obvious inventions, applying to software, hardware, business methods as well as digital processes.
- Criteria include novelty (newness), inventive step (non-obviousness), and industrial applicability.
Patent Act of 1970
- Regulates granting and protection of patents.
- Describes patentable inventions, non-patentable areas, application processes, examination, and protection duration.
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of cybercrime, covering its definitions, types, and grave implications for personal and national security. Learn about the different categories of cybercrimes and their effects on society and finance. Test your knowledge on this critical issue of our digital age.
