Ketone and Aldehyde
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true about aldehydes and ketones?

  • Aldehydes and ketones are commonly found in nature and play important roles in biological processes. (correct)
  • Aldehydes and ketones are only used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical agents.
  • Aldehydes and ketones are primarily used as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
  • Aldehydes and ketones are mainly used in industrial processes and have no biological significance.

    • Which of the following is a common reaction of aldehydes and ketones?

  • Electrophilic substitution
  • Nucleophilic addition (correct)
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Electrophilic addition

    • What is the general formula for an aldehyde?

  • RCO2H
  • R2CO
  • RCHO (correct)
  • RCOR'

    • What is the value of $x$ in the equation provided in the text?

    <p>-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which atom can stabilize a negative charge in a nucleophilic addition reaction with an aldehyde or ketone?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the hydration reaction between an aldehyde or ketone and water?

    <p>Alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the acid catalyst H3O+ in the hydration reaction of an aldehyde or ketone?

    <p>To regenerate the carbonyl reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is used in the reaction described in Section 10-7 to convert hexanoyl chloride to 2-heptanone?

    <p>Lithium diorganocopper reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product formed when hexanoyl chloride reacts with the lithium diorganocopper reagent?

    <p>2-heptanone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the text provides more detailed information about the reaction between hexanoyl chloride and the lithium diorganocopper reagent?

    <p>Section 21-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the yield of 2-heptanone in the reaction between hexanoyl chloride and the lithium diorganocopper reagent?

    <p>81%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is present in an aldehyde?

    <p>Formyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hybridization of the central carbon atom in an aldehyde?

    <p>sp2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spectroscopic method can be used to identify aldehydes?

    <p>IR spectroscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common method for preparing aldehydes?

    <p>Hydroformylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of compounds are commonly derived from aldehydes?

    <p>Sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred oxidant for converting the formyl group in aldehydes to a carboxyl group?

    <p>Oxygen or air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tautomer is dominant for aldehydes in neutral solution?

    <p>Keto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is used in the silver-mirror test to convert aldehydes to carboxylic acids without attacking carbon-carbon double bonds?

    <p>Tollens' reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the Fehling's test when an aldehyde reacts with Fehling's reagent?

    <p>Red-brick-colored Cu2O precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the Cannizzaro reaction when an aldehyde cannot form an enolate?

    <p>Mixture of alcohol and carboxylic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of an aldehyde?

    <p>The general structure of an aldehyde is R−CH=O, where R represents a side chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some physical properties of aldehydes?

    <p>Some physical properties of aldehydes include solubility in water (smaller aldehydes are more soluble), pungent odors in volatile aldehydes, and distinctive signals in spectroscopic methods such as IR and NMR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hybridization of the central carbon atom in an aldehyde?

    <p>The central carbon atom in an aldehyde is often described as being sp2-hybridized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Tollens' reagent in the silver-mirror test?

    <p>Tollens' reagent is used to convert aldehydes to carboxylic acids without attacking carbon–carbon double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Fehling's reagent in the oxidation reaction?

    <p>Fehling's reagent is used as a test to detect the presence of aldehydes. It results in the reduction of Cu2+ complex ions to a red-brick-colored Cu2O precipitate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an aldehyde cannot form an enolate?

    <p>If an aldehyde cannot form an enolate, the addition of strong base induces the Cannizzaro reaction, resulting in disproportionation and producing a mixture of alcohol and carboxylic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dominant tautomer of aldehydes in neutral solution?

    <p>The keto tautomer is dominant in neutral solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred oxidant for converting the formyl group in aldehydes to a carboxyl group?

    <p>Oxygen or air is the preferred oxidant for converting the formyl group in aldehydes to a carboxyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the formyl group in aldehydes be reduced to a primary alcohol?

    <p>The formyl group in aldehydes can be readily reduced to a primary alcohol by catalytic hydrogenation or stoichiometric reductions with sodium borohydride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common reactions of aldehydes?

    <p>Important reactions of aldehydes include condensations to prepare plasticizers and polyols, and reduction to produce alcohols, especially oxo-alcohols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aldehydes and Ketones

    • Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reactions, which can be stabilized by the presence of heteroatoms.
    • The general formula for an aldehyde is RCHO, where R is an alkyl or aryl group.

    Nucleophilic Addition Reactions

    • In nucleophilic addition reactions, an atom that can stabilize a negative charge is required.
    • The acid catalyst H3O+ plays a crucial role in the hydration reaction of an aldehyde or ketone.
    • The product of the hydration reaction between an aldehyde or ketone and water is a hydrate or a geminal diol.

    Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones

    • Hexanoyl chloride can be converted to 2-heptanone using the lithium diorganocopper reagent.
    • The reaction between hexanoyl chloride and the lithium diorganocopper reagent yields 2-heptanone as the product.
    • The yield of 2-heptanone in the reaction is significant.

    Structure and Properties of Aldehydes

    • The functional group present in an aldehyde is the formyl group (-CHO).
    • The central carbon atom in an aldehyde is sp2 hybridized.
    • Aldehydes can be identified using infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
    • Aldehydes are commonly prepared using oxidation reactions.

    Reactions of Aldehydes

    • The preferred oxidant for converting the formyl group in aldehydes to a carboxyl group is chromic acid.
    • The dominant tautomer of aldehydes in neutral solution is the keto form.
    • The silver-mirror test is used to detect aldehydes, and it involves the conversion of aldehydes to carboxylic acids using Tollens' reagent.
    • The Fehling's test is used to detect aldehydes, and it yields a red precipitate of copper(I) oxide.
    • When an aldehyde cannot form an enolate, it undergoes the Cannizzaro reaction.
    • The formyl group in aldehydes can be reduced to a primary alcohol using lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).
    • Common reactions of aldehydes include oxidation, reduction, and nucleophilic addition reactions.

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