18 Questions
What is the thick, muscular layer of the heart called?
Myocardium
What is the outer membrane of the heart known as?
Epicardium
Which term refers to a swollen, twisted vein?
Varic/o
What is defined as a consistent elevation of arterial pressure above the normal range?
Hypertenion
What does 'thrombus' refer to in the cardiovascular system?
A stationary blood clot
In the cardiac cycle, what term describes the period when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria?
Diastole
Which enzyme is commonly used as a marker for myocardial infarction?
CPK
What ECG change is typically observed in a myocardial infarction?
ST elevation
Which type of shock results from decrease in effective circulating volume?
Hypovolemic shock
What is the compensatory reaction to shock involving rapid neural and humoral mechanisms?
Maintain blood supply to the brain and myocardium
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of shock?
Hypertension
What hormone helps in enhancing water retention by the kidney to restore extracellular fluid in shock?
Vasopressin
What is the most common type of hypertension?
Primary
Which condition can activate the renin-angiotensin system?
Renal artery stenosis
What is a possible consequence of prolonged hypertension on the heart?
Increased risk of heart failure
What is a manifestation of myocardial ischemia when collateral vessels are not sufficient?
Angina pectoris
What can result from irreversible death of myocardial tissue due to coronary blood vessel occlusion?
Myocardial infarction
What can high arteriolar pressure in the eyeball and vascular sclerosis due to prolonged hypertension increase the risk of?
Retinal damage
Study Notes
Hypertension
- 90% of cases are primary/essential/idiopathic, with uncertain etiology
- 10% of cases are secondary, caused by:
- Renal artery stenosis (can be treated with ACE inhibitors)
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Cushing syndrome
- Pheochromocytoma
Pathophysiology of Chronic Hypertension
- Prolonged hypertension leads to:
- Thickening of blood vessels, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease
- Left ventricular hypertrophy, increasing the risk of arrhythmia and heart failure
- Arteriolar pressure and vascular sclerosis in the eyes, increasing the risk of retinal damage
- Damage to renal vasculature, increasing the risk of renal failure
Ischemic Heart Disease
- Caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart, exceeding its demand
- Progressive occlusion of coronary arteries leads to:
- Angina pectoris (major symptom of myocardial ischemia)
- Myocardial infarction (irreversible death of myocardial tissue)
Cardiovascular System
- The heart has three layers: endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
- The pericardium is a loose, protective sac surrounding the heart
Combining Forms
- angi/o: vessel
- vas/o: vessel
- vascul/o: vessel
- aort/o: aorta
- arteri/o: artery
- ather/o: fat
- atri/o: atrium
- cardi/o: heart
- coron/o: circle or crown
- pector/o: chest
- sphygm/o: pulse
- thromb/o: clot
- ven/o: vein
- varic/o: swollen, twisted vein
- ventricul/o: ventricle (belly or pouch)
Symptomatic and Diagnostic Terms
- arteriosclerosis: thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls
- atherosclerosis: buildup of fatty substances within arterial walls
- atheromatous plaque: a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by fatty buildup
- thrombus: a stationary blood clot
- embolus: a clot (air, fat, foreign object, etc.) carried in the bloodstream
- ischemia: decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
- infarct: a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia
Diagnostic Terms
- arrhythmia: irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
- bradycardia: slow heart rate (less than 100 beats/minute)
- coronary artery disease (CAD): a condition affecting arteries of the heart that reduces blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium
- myocardial infarction (MI): heart attack; death of myocardial tissue due to ischemia
Blood Pressure Terms
- diastole: period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
- systole: period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary artery
- normotension: normal blood pressure
- hypertension: high blood pressure
- hypotension: low blood pressure
Test your knowledge of the three layers of the heart (endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium) and combining forms related to the Cardiovascular system. Includes questions about the structure of the heart and terminology used in cardiovascular health.
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