Customer Relationship Management Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What leads to higher levels of gratitude in customers towards relationship management investments?

  • The investments are required by a contract
  • Investments are perceived as acts of free will (correct)
  • Gratitude diminishes after multiple transactions
  • Customers feel obligated to reciprocate
  • In the exploratory/early stage of a relationship, what are customers primarily assessing?

  • The risks associated with investing in a relationship
  • Their partner's ability and trustworthiness (correct)
  • The long-term benefits of commitment
  • The satisfaction received from past experiences
  • What type of trust typically develops during the maturity/maintaining stage of a relationship?

  • External trust reliant on third-party validation
  • Conditional trust based on immediate needs
  • Skeptical trust based on calculative measures
  • Knowledge- and affective-based trust (correct)
  • During which stage do higher levels of risk tend to increase customer gratitude?

    <p>Decline/Recovery stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical characteristic of the developing stage of relationship dynamics?

    <p>Increased affective attachment and commitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the product lifecycle concept primarily capture?

    <p>The typical user experience as a product category matures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the customer lifecycle approach?

    <p>It captures individual changes related to age and milestones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the customer dynamic-based segmentation approach known as the AER model?

    <p>Analyzing customer acquisition and attrition patterns. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the customer dynamic-based segmentation approach comes first?

    <p>Acquisition stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of the different lifecycles discussed?

    <p>They manage customer dynamics at various levels of aggregation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using a lifecycle approach in marketing?

    <p>It simplifies the process and is easy to use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of segmentation in marketing?

    <p>To identify groups of customers with similar needs and desires (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the bathtub model describe customer dynamics?

    <p>Customers slowly leave while new ones enter the firm’s portfolio. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage does customer onboarding typically occur?

    <p>Acquisition stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analysis technique is used to classify a large group of heterogeneous consumers into homogeneous segments?

    <p>Cluster analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In targeting, what does market attractiveness refer to?

    <p>External market characteristics that indicate the value of a segment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should customer groups be characterized in an effective segmentation strategy?

    <p>Homogeneous within groups and heterogeneous between groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the STP approach in marketing stand for?

    <p>Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of a customer-centric structure within a firm?

    <p>Faster response to customer needs and preferences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to remove potential bias by combining similar questions in market research?

    <p>Factor analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After segmenting the market, what is the next critical step in the marketing process?

    <p>Choosing which segments to target based on attractiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the approach of defenders in social media marketing?

    <p>Using social media for push content to stakeholders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic best describes the modernism approach to social media marketing culture?

    <p>Permeable and open SMM culture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organizational structure is associated with a network approach to social media marketing?

    <p>Decentralized control with all employees involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do explorers utilize social media marketing differently from defenders?

    <p>By taking advantage of interactive technology for collaboration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication arises from a conservative approach to social media marketing?

    <p>Increased control against content manipulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge depicted in the need for a holistic framework in social media marketing?

    <p>Limited stakeholder engagement and interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major advantage of adopting a network structure in social media marketing?

    <p>Enhanced creativity through employee involvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bespassungsfunktion' refer to in the context of defenders?

    <p>Limited user engagement and one-way communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of social media marketing governance that uses an autocratic approach?

    <p>Precise regulations on who can interact on social media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the interdisciplinary nature of social media marketing?

    <p>It encompasses cross-functional collaborations across departments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'offering equity' refer to?

    <p>The intrinsic value of the product or service's performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of innovation, which of the following dimensions does NOT contribute to creating substantial new value?

    <p>Changing the product's visual design (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a laissez-faire approach in social media marketing governance imply?

    <p>Departments can communicate freely without specific restrictions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key implication of effective training for employees in the context of social media use?

    <p>It enhances the overall effectiveness of social media interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about innovation is true?

    <p>Early followers often achieve better outcomes than pioneers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an organization successfully navigate the complexities of social media marketing?

    <p>By fostering cross-departmental collaboration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT contribute to achieving positional advantages?

    <p>Low consumer demand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT necessary for sustainable positioning advantage?

    <p>Wide availability of substitute products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proposition suggests a relationship between demand uncertainty and the first mover's scale-dependent cost advantage?

    <p>Proposition 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of advantages are achieved when a firm differentiates its product from competitors?

    <p>Differentiation advantages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as a factor contributing to cost advantages?

    <p>Switching costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor would most likely lead to entry barriers for market pioneers?

    <p>Technological advancements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a behavioral factor that contributes to differentiation advantage?

    <p>Communication good effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of first mover advantages, what does a lower ratio of minimum efficient scale to market size imply?

    <p>Smaller scale-dependent cost advantages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Customer-centric structure

    A business structure where each unit focuses on a specific customer segment and further divides into smaller groups for targeted marketing.

    STP Approach

    A strategy that involves dividing a market into groups based on shared needs and desires, targeting specific groups, and positioning products to appeal to them.

    Segmenting

    The process of grouping customers based on similar needs and preferences for a particular product or service, ensuring maximum differences between groups.

    Cluster analysis

    A data-driven technique that partitions a diverse customer base into homogeneous segments, identifying distinct groups.

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    Factor analysis

    A technique for simplifying customer preferences by reducing them into independent factors, eliminating potential biases by combining similar attributes.

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    Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA)

    A technique for reducing customer preferences into smaller factors by combining related questions, aiming to reduce bias.

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    Targeting

    The act of selecting specific customer segments to focus marketing efforts on after segmenting them based on purchase preferences.

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    Market attractiveness

    A measure of the external factors that make a customer segment attractive for business, considering factors like size, growth, and price sensitivity.

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    Free Will in RM

    Customers feel more grateful when they perceive RM investments as a free will act rather than a contractual obligation.

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    Motives in RM

    Benevolent intentions behind RM actions lead to increased gratitude.

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    Risk in RM

    Higher risks in RM investments generally result in a higher level of gratitude.

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    Exploratory Stage of Relationship

    The stage of relationship development where both parties are exploring the potential benefits and trust of the partnership.

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    Developing Stage of Relationship

    The stage of relationship development where both parties have established trust and commitment through reciprocal actions.

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    Product Lifecycle

    The product lifecycle captures changes in customer purchase criteria and marketing efforts as a product category matures.

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    Lifecycle Approach

    Analyzing customer dynamics at different stages of a product's life, from introduction to decline.

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    Customer Lifecycle

    The customer lifecycle describes how individuals change over time, reaching various age-related milestones.

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    Customer Dynamic-Based Segmentation

    This approach segment customers based on their dynamic characteristics, such as their needs, behaviors, and values.

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    Bathtub Model

    This model, also known as the AER model, tracks the flow of customers into and out of a company, representing the customer base as a bathtub.

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    Acquisition Stage

    The initial phase when a customer first interacts with a company, usually before making their first purchase.

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    Customer Onboarding

    The process of guiding new customers into a company's ecosystem to enhance their satisfaction and loyalty.

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    Homogeneous Customer Needs

    Early customers and prospects share similar needs during the acquisition stage, suggesting a homogeneity in their requirements.

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    Social Media Marketing Defender

    A company's approach to using social media that focuses solely on pushing content and interacting with customers in a limited way.

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    Social Media Marketing Explorer

    A company's approach to using social media that emphasizes two-way communication, collaboration, and authentic relationships with customers.

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    Conservative Social Media Marketing Culture

    A traditional, risk-averse approach to social media marketing that prioritizes control and internal focus.

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    Modern Social Media Marketing Culture

    A modern, open, and flexible approach to social media marketing that embraces risk and customer engagement.

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    Hierarchical Social Media Marketing Structure

    A hierarchical structure for social media marketing where a specific team or individual manages all aspects of the strategy.

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    Networked Social Media Marketing Structure

    A decentralized structure for social media marketing where all employees are responsible for contributing to social media efforts.

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    Customer-centric approach

    The practice of focusing on the needs of customers to effectively market products or services.

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    Autocratic Social Media Governance

    The governance style where a single department controls all social media communications, setting strict rules for who can interact and what they can say.

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    Anarchic Social Media Governance

    The governance style where departments and employees are free to communicate on social media platforms without strict rules or oversight.

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    Innovation

    The process of creatively changing an existing product or service to provide significant new value to customers and the firm.

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    Offering Equity

    The value provided by a product or service itself, without considering brand or relationship aspects.

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    Innovation Radar

    A strategic tool used to identify and evaluate potential areas for innovation, focusing on changing key aspects of the business.

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    Best Beats First

    The idea that early followers who improve upon existing products or services often outperform the original innovators.

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    Customer-Perceived Value

    The value a customer receives from a product or service, including the impact of brand and relationship factors.

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    Offering-based Sustainable Competitive Advantage

    The ability of an organization to maintain a competitive advantage through innovative offerings and effective management of those offerings.

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    Positional Advantage

    A firm's ability to outcompete rivals by creating a distinct and sustainable advantage through the effective combination of its skills and resources.

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    Cost Advantage

    A type of positional advantage achieved by offering products or services at a lower cost than competitors.

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    Differentiation Advantage

    A type of positional advantage achieved by offering products or services that are perceived as superior or unique by customers.

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    Fit & SCA

    The strength of a firm's position within the market depends on how well its skills and resources match the requirements of the competitive landscape.

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    Order of Entry Advantage

    A firm's ability to gain a first-mover advantage by successfully pioneering a new market segment.

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    Sustainable Positioning Advantage

    The likelihood of sustainable competitive advantage depends on factors like the uniqueness of the offering, difficulty for rivals to imitate, and the customer's ongoing perceived value.

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    Cost Advantage Factors

    Factors like economies of scale, marketing cost asymmetries, and preemption strategies can create cost advantages.

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    Differentiation Advantage Factors

    Factors like switching costs, reputational advantages, and information asymmetry can create differentiation advantages.

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    Study Notes

    Marketing Strategy and Practice - Session 1

    • First Principles: Fundamental concepts or assumptions of a theory, system, or method.
    • Unanswered Marketing Questions:
      • When should a specific marketing approach be used?
      • How does a new marketing approach improve firm performance?
      • Which approaches are worth a firm's time and investment?
    • Marketing Principles:
      • All customers differ
      • All customers change
      • All competitors react
      • All resources are limited
    • Marketing Strategy (Definition): Decisions and actions to build a sustainable competitive advantage in the minds of customers, creating value for stakeholders.
    • Key Elements of Marketing Strategy:
      • Decisions and actions
      • Differential advantages over competitors
      • Sustainability
      • Ability to enhance firm performance
      • Customer perspective
      • Customers are the basic unit of marketing analysis (independent decision-makers).

    Marketing Strategy vs. Corporate Strategy

    • Corporate Strategy: The overall scope and direction of a firm and how its various business units work together to achieve goals. Includes mission, vision, cash flow, legal considerations, and personnel policies.
    • Marketing Strategy: Focused on building a sustainable competitive advantage in the minds of customers, creating value for stakeholders.
    • Importance of an Effective Marketing Strategy:
      • Strong links between marketing actions and firm financial performance
      • Understanding when, how, and where brand advertising pays
      • Strong brand, channel, or customer relationships are difficult to duplicate.
      • Modern CRM and brand building important.
      • Marketing capabilities often have a greater impact on improving firm performance than R&D or operations.
      • Marketing affects the sales revenue chain equation.
      • Strong brand image affects selling price.
      • Well-designed marketing strategies reduce costs and customer acquisition costs.

    Managing Customer Heterogeneity (MP #1)

    • Customer Heterogeneity: Variation among customers in terms of needs, desires, and behaviors.
    • Managing Customer Heterogeneity:
      • Ignoring average customer needs and offering that matches most needs.
      • Offering a range of products to cater to varied needs.
      • Embracing sacrifices in desired product attributes for lower prices.
      • Selecting a specific segment and targeting based on positioning as the best solution compared to competitors.

    Managing Customer Dynamics (MP #2)

    • Customer Dynamics: Processes that drive customer needs and desires to change over time (e.g., life stages, knowledge/expertise, seminal events, product maturity, information exposure).
    • Managing Customer Dynamics:
      • Understanding customer lifecycles (average changes among customers over time).
      • Capturing typical user experiences and industry development effects.
      • Dividing customers based on acquisition, expansion, and retention stages.
      • Utilizing customer lifetime value (CLV) to estimate financial contribution.

    Managing Sustainable Competitive Advantage (MP #3)

    • Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA): A firm's ability to generate more customer value than competitors for a given set of products/services.
    • Managing SCA:
      • Developing SCAs to address changes in customer needs, recognizing that customers will continue to have evolving needs.
      • Developing SCAs relevant to specific segments, with adaptation necessary if customer needs change within a segment (SCA may be invalidated).
      • Identifying and utilizing 3 key marketing based sources of SCA: Brand, New/Innovative offerings, Relationships.
      • Customer equity: the total of the discounted lifetime values of all customers in the firm's portfolio.

    Managing Resource Trade-offs (MP #4)

    • Resource Trade-offs: The need to prioritize and strategically allocate limited resources in response to multiple factors affecting firm performance.
    • Managing Resource Trade-offs:
      • Use of heuristic-based processes and simple rules of thumb for resource allocation when hard data is limited.
      • Continuously adjusting allocation strategies, driven by intuition and judgment.
      • Utilizing attribution-based processes for data-driven decisions about resource allocation.
      • Analyzing historical data & measurements for various investments in marketing resources.

    All Customer Differ (MP #1), Session 2

    • Key aspects: Identifying & exploiting customer heterogeneity for effective marketing.
    • Personality Traits: Key elements of customer heterogeneity, including openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

    Customer Value Propositions in Business Markets

    • Customer Value Proposition: Strategies to demonstrate to customers the worth of an offering relative to the next best alternative when competing on price.
    • Value Proposition Types:
      • All Benefits: Describes all benefits customers receive from an offering as compared to competitors.
      • Favorable Points of Difference: Highlights the unique aspects that set a product apart in a market.
      • Resonating Focus: Emphasizes distinguishing points or attributes that provide the greatest value to the customer.

    Managing Customer Dynamics

    • Customer Dynamics: The way customers' needs, desires, and experiences evolve over time.
    • Sources of Customer Dynamics: Individual customer changes, product market level changes.
    • Managing Customer Lifecycles: Understanding the different stages of customer lifecycle to tailor marketing strategies appropriately. (Ex. product lifecycle, industry lifecycle)
    • Customer-Dynamic Based Segmentation Approach: Firms group existing customers based on predicted and similar migration patterns through various phases of their lifecycle for strategic decisions.
    • Customer Lifetime Value (CLV): Calculation for financial contribution of each customer over the entire relationship - discounted value of sales and costs.
    • Methods: Include lifecycle, dynamic segmentation, and lost customer analysis approaches.

    Relationship Marketing

    • Relationship Marketing (RM): Strategic approach that emphasizes building lasting relationships to enhance performance.
    • RM Basics: Determining & building relationships, improving performance based on relational exchange.
    • Relationship Equity: Firm's relational assets & liabilities that add to the value of an offering. Affected by employee actions & customer contact.
    • Social Exchange Theory: Commitment & trust play critical roles in successful business relationships, encompassing multiple interactions, & network dynamics.

    Targeting & Affecting Customer Desire For Relationships

    • Targeting for Relationships: Focusing marketing efforts on customers exhibiting specific relationship needs or characteristics, those who require relational governance, or those that lack other governance/institutional protection.
    • Optimal RM Effectiveness: Alignment of RM activities with customer relationship orientation, including exchange & product uncertainty, category involvement, & relational norms.
    • Relationship Dynamics: Phases in customer relationships—including exploration & growth/development, maturity, decline & recovery.

    Integrated Marketing Communications(IMC)

    • IMC: Combining and coordinating various media and disciplines for consistent and relevant messaging.
    • IMC Structure: 3 levels are tactical, functional, and strategic.
    • IMC Elements: Includes audiences, message sources, media channels, integration modes, organization support processes, & feedback.

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    Description

    Explore key concepts in customer relationship management and the various stages of customer dynamics. This quiz covers topics such as gratitude, trust development, and the significance of customer lifecycles in marketing strategies. Test your understanding of these essential principles in relationship management.

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