Custom Software vs Packaged Software

To manage and control computer hardware

Mac OS X

Windows

Linux

iOS

Diagnostic routine

Source program file

To restart a computer that is already on

To perform a particular task

It directs other programs not in memory to perform tasks

A method of removing repetitive elements from a data file

To place a print job into a buffer

Stand-alone operating system

Software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system

Mac OS

Handling more than one program concurrently

Custom software

To make users more productive at particular tasks

Freeware is distributed for free, while shareware requires payment after a trial period

To store data such as words, numbers, pictures, and sounds

Device drivers

To support, enhance, or expand existing programs

To manage the entire computer system

Turn the computer ON, run diagnostic routines, load BIOS programs, obtain the OS

System Software = Power behind the power Operating System = Controls peripheral devices Application Software = Where to get it, how to use it Utility Programs = Helps the computer control peripheral devices

Word Processing Software = Creating and editing text documents Spreadsheet Programs = Organizing and calculating numerical data Database Software = Managing and manipulating structured data Specialty Application Software = Tailor-made for a particular function or business purpose

Data Files = Used for storing data Program Files = Contains high-level computer instructions Executable File = Initiates a set of coded instructions System Files = Essential for the operating system to function properly

Mac OS X = Based on Unix and has proprietary use Microsoft Windows = The most common OS for desktop and portable PCs Unix = A multitasking OS with built-in networking capability Linux = A free version of Unix with continual improvements from volunteer programmers

Mac OS 10.8 = Mountain Lion Mac OS 10.15 = Catalina

Windows 7 = Still the most commonly used OS Windows 8 = Has both desktop and tile views Windows 10 = Latest version of Windows

Apple iOS = Runs mobile devices Windows Server = Designed to run on network servers Embedded Linux = Used in mobile devices Google's Chrome OS = Based on Linux

Source program files = Contain high-level computer instructions in the original form written by the computer programmer Executable files = Translated from a source program file and contains instructions that tell the computer how to perform a particular task Data compression = A method of removing repetitive elements from a data file so that it requires less storage space and therefore less time to transmit Lossless compression = Uses mathematical techniques to restore repeated patterns in data

Source program files = Written by the computer programmer in high-level computer instructions Executable files = Runs a particular task on a computer Data files = Files that are compressed to require less storage space and time to transmit .dll files = Executable files used in software applications

Data compression = Method of reducing the size of a data file Lossless compression = Compression method that allows original data to be perfectly reconstructed from compressed data Executable files = Files that contain instructions for the computer to perform a task Source program files = Files that contain original high-level computer instructions

Task = An operation such as storing, printing, or calculating Multitasking = Handling more than one program concurrently Device Drivers = Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system Utilities = Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources

Stand-alone = An operating system that works on a single desktop or notebook computer Network = An operating system that connects and manages multiple computers Embedded = An operating system that is permanently stored in a hardware device such as a read-only memory (ROM)

Mac OS = Runs on Apple Macintosh computers Microsoft Windows = Runs on PC platforms Unix/Linux = A free operating system improved by volunteer programmers

Security Management = Permits users to control access to their computers Device Drivers = Allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system Utility Programs = Perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources Operating System = Directs processor to alternate time on each program until processing is complete

Diagnostic routine = A routine within a program that is entered as a result of some error condition Cold boot = Turn on computer’s 'ON' system Supervisor (kernel) = Software that manages CPU Virtual memory = A memory management capability of an OS that uses hardware and software to compensate for physical memory shortages

Queue = First-in, first-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed Buffer = The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting Spooling = The act of placing a print job into a buffer Memory Management = The process of controlling and coordinating computer memory

Data File = A named collection of data Program File = A program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage File System = Arranges files in a hierarchical manner Pathname = Used to find files. Example: C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.doc

Cold boot = Turn on computer’s 'ON' system Warm boot = Restart a computer that is already on Boot disk = Use a CD or flash drive containing all files to launch OS Boot from the cloud = Launching the OS from a remote server via internet

Custom Software = Tailor-made software crafted for a particular function or business purpose Packaged software = Copyrighted, mass-produced software that’s offered for sale to a variety of users Public-domain software = Software that is not protected by copyright and may be duplicated by anyone at will Rentalware = Online software that users lease for a fee and download whenever they want it

Site licenses = Allow software to be used on all computers at a specific location Concurrent-user licenses = Allow a number of copies to be used at one time Multiple-user license = Specifies number of people who may use the software Single-user license = Limits software to one user at a time

Pirated software = Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright Abandonware = Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher Productivity software = Software intended to make users more productive at particular tasks Web application (web app) = Software that runs on a remote Internet server rather than on a person’s own personal computer

Data files = Contain data, such as words, number, pictures, and sounds Program files = Contain software instructions that execute, or run, when the program is opened

Operating systems = The principal component of system software in any computing system. Device drivers = Help the computer control peripheral devices. Utility programs = Generally used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in a computer system. Application software = Software that has been developed to solve a particular problem for users—to perform useful work on specific tasks or to provide entertainment.

Booting = The process of loading an OS into the computer’s main memory. CPU management = A part of OS responsibilities, managing the CPU's operations. File management = Another responsibility of OS, managing and organizing files in the computer system. Task management = A function of OS that manages the tasks performed by the computer system.

Turn the computer ON = The first step in the booting process. Diagnostic routines = Test Main Memory, CPU, and other Hardware. BIOS programs = Are copied to main memory. BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware. Boot program = Obtains the OS and loads it into the computer’s main memory.

System software = Runs at the most basic level of your computer. It enables the application software to interact with the computer. Operating system = Manages the entire computer system. It consists of the low-level, master system of programs that manage the basic operations of the computer. Application software = Software that has been developed to solve a particular problem for users—to perform useful work on specific tasks or to provide entertainment. Utility programs = Generally used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in a computer system.

True

True

True

True

True

System Unit = The case that contains the computer’s electronic components used to process data Binary System = The basic data-representation method for computers uses just two numbers: 0 and 1 Bit = Each 0 or 1 in a binary system Machine Language = A binary-type programming language built into the CPU that is run directly by the computer

Byte = A group of 8 bits ASCII = Binary coding scheme that requires 7 or 8 bits per character EBCDIC = Binary coding scheme used for IBM mainframes Unicode = Binary coding scheme that requires 16 bits per character

Kilobyte (KB) = 1,000 (1,024) bytes Gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion (1,073,741,824) bytes Terabyte (TB) = 1 trillion (1,009,511,627,776) bytes Exabyte (EB) = 1 quintillion bytes

PCs = Tower or desktop; monitor is separate Laptops = Monitor is attached to the system unit, like a clamshell Tablets = Usually includes a touch-screen interface Smartphones = Handheld system units

Petabyte (PB) = 1 quadrillion bytes Language Translators = The computer’s system software that converts higher-level language instructions into machine language Megabyte (MB) = 1 million (1,048,576) bytes 8-bit Extended ASCII = Provides 256 characters and is commonly used for microcomputers

Data = Is represented in a computer by binary code Machine Language = Each CPU type has its own version; thus each computer’s machine language is brand dependent Binary coding schemes = Assign a unique binary code to each character Unicode = Handles 65,536 characters—used for Chinese and Japanese

Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility = 4.1 The Central Processing Unit & the Machine Cycle = 4.4 Secondary Storage = 4.7 Future Developments in Processing & Storage = 4.8

Power Supply, Motherboard, & Microprocessors = Inside the System Unit Expansion Cards, Bus Lines, & Ports = Inside the System Unit Microprocessors, Main Memory = Processing: The System Unit Secondary Storage = Secondary Storage Unit

Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility = Development and changes in electronic circuitry The Central Processing Unit & the Machine Cycle = Functioning of the CPU Secondary Storage = Different types of memory storage Future Developments in Processing & Storage = Predictions about the changes in hardware

4.1 = Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility 4.4 = The Central Processing Unit & the Machine Cycle 4.7 = Secondary Storage 4.8 = Future Developments in Processing & Storage

Processing: The System Unit = Microprocessors, Main Memory Inside the System Unit = Expansion Cards, Bus Lines, & Ports Secondary Storage Unit = Secondary Storage

Development and changes in electronic circuitry = Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility Functioning of the CPU = The Central Processing Unit & the Machine Cycle Different types of memory storage = Secondary Storage Predictions about the changes in hardware = Future Developments in Processing & Storage

Power Supply = Provides the necessary power for the computer Motherboard = The main circuit board of the computer Hard Drive = Stores all the data and information RAM slots = Allows for the installation of random access memory

Intel and AMD = Traditional microcomputer microprocessors Multicore processors = Have more than one processor 'core' on a single silicon chip Special processors = Made for portable devices Graphics processing unit (GPU) = A specialized processor used to manipulate three-dimensional (3-D) computer graphics

System clock = Controls how fast all the operations within a computer take place Megahertz = Older CPU processing speeds, 1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second Gigahertz = Current CPU processing speeds, 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second Heat generation = The faster a CPU runs, the more heat it generates

Control Unit = Part of the CPU that follows the instructions of the software Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) = Part of the CPU that manipulates data into information Registers = High-speed storage areas within the CPU Bus = An electronic 'roadway' that links the parts of the CPU

System Unit = The main body of a computer, containing the motherboard, power supply, and other components Microprocessors = The 'brain' of the computer, carrying out instructions Expansion cards = Circuit boards that provide additional functionality CD drive = Hardware component that reads and writes data from and to a CD

Power supply = Provides the necessary power for the computer Hard drive = Stores all the data and information Expansion cards = Circuit boards that provide additional functionality RAM slots = Allows for the installation of random access memory

Control unit = Deciphers each instruction stored in the CPU and carries out the instruction Arithmetic/logic unit = Performs arithmetic and logical operations Machine cycle = The series of steps the CPU takes to execute an instruction Main memory = Stores the electronic signals directed by the control unit

Arithmetic operations = Fundamental math operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division Logical operations = Comparisons--the ALU compares two pieces of data Control unit = Directs the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the arithmetic/logic unit Machine cycle = The complete series of steps taken by the CPU to execute an instruction

Control unit = Directs the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the input and output devices Arithmetic/logic unit = Controls the speed of arithmetic and logical operations Machine cycle = Four basic operations carried out by the control unit for every instruction Main memory = Stores the electronic signals directed by the control unit

Arithmetic operations = Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division Logical operations = Comparisons such as equal to, greater than, less than, etc. Control unit = Deciphers each instruction stored in the CPU and then carries out the instruction Machine cycle = Series of steps the CPU takes each time it executes an instruction

Control unit = Interprets and executes instructions from the CPU's memory Arithmetic/logic unit = Performs basic arithmetic and logical operations Machine cycle = The process of fetching, decoding, executing, and storing instructions Main memory = Holds the instructions and data that are currently being processed

Arithmetic operations = Basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division Logical operations = Comparisons--the ALU compares two pieces of data Control unit = Deciphers each instruction stored in the CPU and then carries out the instruction Machine cycle = The complete series of steps taken by the CPU to execute an instruction

Vacuum tubes = Used wire circuits inside them to facilitate the flow of electrons Transistors = Tiny electronic switches that can be turned 'on' or 'off' millions of times per second Semiconductor = A material whose electrical properties are intermediate between a good conductor and a nonconductor of electricity Microchips = Miniaturized circuitry of an entire computer processor on a single chip

Transistors = Replaced vacuum tubes and form part of an integrated circuit Integrated circuits = All the parts of an electronic circuit embedded on a single silicon chip Silicon = A semiconductor made of clay and sand, perfect underlayer for highly conductive, complex circuits Microprocessors = Contains the central processing unit (CPU), which processes data into information

Transistor = A tiny electronic switch that can be turned 'on' or 'off' millions of times per second Microchip = A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of microminiature integrated electronic circuits Semiconductor = A material whose electrical properties are intermediate between a good conductor and a nonconductor of electricity Microprocessor = The miniaturized circuitry of an entire computer processor on a single chip

Vacuum tubes = They used wire circuits inside them to facilitate the flow of electrons Integrated circuits = Solid state (no moving parts) and include all the parts of an electronic circuit embedded on a single silicon chip Silicon = A semiconductor made of clay and sand Microprocessors = Enable the development of small, mobile electronic devices

Transistor = Tiny electronic device that can be turned 'on' or 'off' millions of times per second Microchip = Made from semiconductors and contains millions of microminiature integrated electronic circuits Microprocessor = Contains the CPU, which processes data into information Integrated circuit = All the parts of an electronic circuit embedded on a single silicon chip

Transistor = A tiny electronic switch Microchip = A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of microminiature integrated electronic circuits Semiconductor = A material whose electrical properties are intermediate between a good conductor and a nonconductor of electricity Microprocessor = The miniaturized circuitry of an entire computer processor on a single chip