Cultural Templates and Decision Making
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Questions and Answers

Which cultural template is associated with an economic emphasis in American culture?

  • Honor-bound sociability
  • Legal procedure
  • Market transaction (correct)
  • Filial responsibility

What does the paper suggest is often neglected in cultural research?

  • The specific values held by individuals in a culture
  • Ethical considerations in interpersonal relationships
  • The influence of cultural background on decision making
  • The role of external social situations and structures (correct)

How do the authors differentiate among collectivistic cultures?

  • By the levels of individualism found in society
  • By the legal frameworks present in the culture
  • By the economic structures within the culture
  • By the type of collectivities they prioritize (correct)

In which culture is the template of honor-bound sociability prevalent?

<p>Spanish culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main approaches to studying managerial decision making?

<p>Prescriptive and descriptive approaches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the rational model of decision making?

<p>Consult colleagues for opinions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the critique discussed in the study regarding cultural research?

<p>The relevance of internal values over cultural structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural template corresponds with political emphasis in German culture?

<p>Legal procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the adjustment of native speakers' speech when communicating with non-native speakers?

<p>Foreigner speak (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following communication styles is typically characterized by directness and clarity?

<p>Low-context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a challenge for non-native English speakers using English as a second language in business?

<p>Navigating cultural nuances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often a misconception about cross-language communication between native and non-native speakers?

<p>That non-native speakers always understand the speaker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context might cultural variations in communication style be particularly evident?

<p>International diplomacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes high-context communication?

<p>Communication where much information is inferred from context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can using a second language be exhausting for individuals?

<p>There is a constant need to translate thoughts into the second language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of effective cross-language communication?

<p>An environment that fosters checking for understanding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of social cognition described?

<p>Spontaneous and Controlled (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'script' in social cognition?

<p>A predefined behavior template for situations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can result from not adhering to cultural norms in a business context?

<p>Social disapproval or punishment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cultural identity influence social identity?

<p>Cultural identity shapes the categorization of individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cultural norms?

<p>To make survival easier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation is Type 2 social cognition most likely to occur?

<p>Meeting someone in a tense relationship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example illustrates the use of scripts in cross-cultural contexts?

<p>Assuming all Germans are interested in cars (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk of applying Type 1 behavior in a different culture?

<p>It may cause confusion for others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the relational templates proposed by the authors?

<p>To outline the informal structures of different cultures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the authors classify the American cultural template?

<p>Market transaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Spanish cultural template described in the study?

<p>Based on honor-bound sociability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of decision-making, what do prescriptive approaches focus on?

<p>Advising what managers should do. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major critique of cultural research presented in the study?

<p>It pays insufficient attention to external influences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does weighting decision criteria involve in the rational decision-making model?

<p>Assigning a numerical value to evaluate each criterion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which culture is the template based on legal procedures predominant?

<p>German. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of culture does the study suggest impacts employee behavior significantly?

<p>External social structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'schema' refer to in the context of social cognition?

<p>A mental image that categorizes an object or group. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is typically associated with Type 2 social cognition?

<p>Consciously assessing a tense relationship before greeting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural norms primarily function within a society?

<p>By establishing standards of acceptable behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of using Type 1 behaviors in a different cultural context?

<p>Increased misunderstandings and confusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does group identity play in forming cultural identity?

<p>It helps individuals categorize themselves based on social factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of high-context communication?

<p>Information is mostly internalized or inferred. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the nature of cultural scripts?

<p>They are flexible behavioral templates based on previous experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological mechanism allows managers to adapt their style when interacting with differing cultures?

<p>Interpersonal mechanisms for evaluating cultural behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the implications of using a second language?

<p>It can lead to exhaustion and misunderstandings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might cultural norms contribute to social disapproval in a business environment?

<p>By establishing strict guidelines for acceptable behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge faced by both native and non-native speakers during cross-language communication?

<p>Native speakers assume non-natives understand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the differences in communication styles across cultures?

<p>Direct communication is favored in low-context cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do native speakers often adapt their communication when speaking with non-native speakers?

<p>They commonly reduce their speech speed and complexity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of English as a lingua franca in business contexts?

<p>It may create additional challenges for non-native speakers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice describes the simplification of language by native speakers when communicating with non-natives?

<p>Foreigner talk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following challenges in translation is often highlighted?

<p>Translations can convey unintended humor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cultural variations in employee behavior

Different cultures have varied ways employees interact and work with each other and peers, going beyond the individualistic/collectivistic dichotomy.

Relational Templates

Models for how cultural groups (America: market transactions, China: filial responsibility, Germany: legal procedures, Spain: honor-bound sociability) interact in social situations.

Rational Decision Making

A prescriptive model of managerial decision-making, focusing on how managers should make decisions in a rational way.

Problem Definition (decision-making)

The first step in the rational decision-making model. It clearly identifies the issue requiring a solution.

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Decision Criteria

Relevant factors that help in evaluating potential solutions during the decision-making process. Examples: experience, feedback.

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Weighting Criteria

Assigning importance levels (e.g., 1-5 points) to different decision criteria to prioritize them during the decision-making process.

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Prescriptive Approach (Decision-Making)

A model that outlines how managers should make decisions.

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Descriptive Approach (Decision-Making)

A model that focuses on how managers actually make decisions in practice.

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Social Cognition

The process of forming mental images of people or objects to simplify complex situations and facilitate recall.

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Schema

A mental image that defines a category of people, objects, or behaviors.

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Script

A mental image that defines expected behaviors in a given situation.

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Type 1 Social Cognition

Spontaneous, unconscious thoughts and actions, like shaking hands or making initial judgments.

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Type 2 Social Cognition

Controlled, conscious mental processes used in unfamiliar or tense situations, like carefully considering a response.

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Cultural Identity

The part of a person's social identity reflecting their cultural group.

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Cultural Norms

Standards of acceptable behavior within a culture.

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Social Identity

The total of social categories used to describe oneself.

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Cultural Variations in Communication Style

Communication styles differ significantly between cultures. Some cultures prefer explicit, direct communication (e.g., US), while others favor more implicit and indirect styles (e.g., Indonesia).

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High-Context (HC) Communication

In HC communication, much of the meaning is understood from the context, not the explicit words. People rely on shared understanding and nonverbal cues.

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Low-Context (LC) Communication

LC communication is explicit and direct. The message is communicated clearly and directly, minimizing reliance on shared understanding.

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Challenges in Translation

Even with good knowledge of words and grammar, accurately conveying meaning can be difficult in translation. The intended message might not be effectively communicated.

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English as a Lingua Franca

English is the common language used in international business.

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Second Language Challenges

Using a second language takes effort and can be tiring. Fluency in a second language often correlates with skills in other areas.

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Foreigner Speak

Native speakers sometimes adjust their speech when talking to non-native speakers, often perceived as patronizing.

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Cross-Cultural Communication

Communication across cultures requires careful attention by both parties to ensure understanding.

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American Cultural Template

In American culture, the primary template for social interactions is the market transaction. This emphasizes individual achievement, competition, and economic success.

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Chinese Cultural Template

Chinese culture emphasizes filial responsibility. Social interactions are guided by respect for family, elders, and tradition.

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German Cultural Template

German culture emphasizes legal procedures. Social interactions are governed by rules, order, and adherence to established systems.

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Spanish Cultural Template

Spanish culture emphasizes honor-bound sociability. Social interactions prioritize social harmony, reputation, and strong interpersonal bonds.

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Prescriptive Decision Making

A theoretical model showing how managers should ideally make decisions. It focuses on a logical, rational process.

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Descriptive Decision Making

This model focuses on how managers actually make decisions in real-world situations, often influenced by intuition, experience, and constraints.

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Cultural Differences in English

Even within the same language, there are variations in word meanings and phrases depending on the culture, like British, American, and Canadian English.

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Translation Challenges

Even if a translator knows the words and grammar, accurately conveying the intended meaning can be tricky. Humor can be misunderstood, and the message might not translate well across cultures.

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English as a Global Language

English is widely spoken in business across the world, making it a shared language for communication.

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Second Language Impact

Using a second language takes more effort and can be tiring. Fluency in a second language often suggests competence in other areas, but can lead to 'foreigner speak' from native speakers, which can feel patronizing.

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Cross-Cultural Communication (Native Speakers)

Native speakers in cross-cultural communication need to be aware of potential misunderstanding and create a safe space to clarify things. They should be patient and make sure the non-native speaker understands.

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Cross-Cultural Communication (Non-Native Speakers)

Non-native speakers in cross-cultural communication can feel pressure to appear competent even if they don't understand. It's important to feel comfortable asking for clarification.

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Explicit vs. Implicit Communication

Cultures vary in their communication style. Some cultures prefer explicit, direct communication, while others favor implicit, indirect communication.

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High-Context vs. Low-Context Communication

High-context communication relies heavily on shared understanding and nonverbal cues, while low-context communication relies on explicit wording and clear messages.

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Behavior Scripts in Cross-Culture

Every culture has its own sets of 'scripts' for how people behave in different situations. Applying scripts from one culture to another can lead to misunderstandings.

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Study Notes

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Description

This quiz explores cultural templates associated with economic and political emphasis in American and German cultures, respectively. It also examines the challenges in managerial decision making and cross-language communication in business contexts. Test your understanding of these concepts and how they influence intercultural interactions.

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