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Questions and Answers
What percentage of psychology participants in studies are from WEIRD societies?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of non-industrialised societies according to the research?
What key issue arises from the predominance of WEIRD populations in psychological studies?
How do industrialised people typically interpret visual stimuli compared to non-industrialised people?
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Which best describes the moral reasoning approach in industrialised Western societies?
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According to the content, what does the term WEIRD stand for?
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What are the two categories for industrialised societies mentioned?
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What proportion of authors in psychology studies come from universities in the USA?
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What tendency is observed in industrialised societies regarding risk and reward?
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What is a common misconception about participant diversity in psychological research?
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What is a key feature of indigenous psychology?
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What does the term 'indigenisation' refer to?
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Which of the following best describes a characteristic of social loafing?
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What was one of the main ethical concerns raised in the research by Cameron & Stinson?
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Which type of indigenisation includes creating indigenous adaptations of western theories?
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What aspect does an indigenous cosmology typically explore?
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What is one consequence of colonization on indigenous cultures?
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Which of the following best characterizes the self-concept?
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What is a chronic self-construal?
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Which area did indigenous Australians exhibit a high level of cultural diversity?
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How is the self viewed in independent self-construal?
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What value do interdependent individuals prioritize in their self-construal?
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Which group is more likely to exhibit relational interdependence?
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Which of the following scenarios would likely be chosen by interdependent participants according to the study by Hamilton & Biehal?
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Which aspect challenges the western concept of self-concept in Indigenous Australians?
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What was the primary focus of the self-construal study conducted by Singelis in 1994?
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In the study by Mandel, what influenced participants to make riskier financial choices?
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What characterizes collective interdependence in self-construal?
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Which of these is a typical self-description for someone with an independent self-construal?
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How do independent individuals typically approach social situations compared to interdependent individuals?
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Study Notes
Cultural Variations in Psychological Research
- Research in psychology predominantly focuses on Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) populations.
- This represents a limited perspective, as WEIRD participants account for only 12% of the global population.
- WEIRD participants exhibit cultural biases, resulting in a lack of understanding and underestimation of psychological variability across diverse cultures.
Cultural Differences in Perception and Decision-Making
- Non-industrialised societies demonstrate greater sensitivity to visual illusions and are less risk-averse in financial decision-making.
- Industrialised societies, particularly Western countries, are more susceptible to perceptual biases and tend to be more risk-averse, prioritizing future rewards over immediate gains.
Cultural Differences in Cognitive Styles
- Industrialised non-Western: Emphasize holistic perception, focusing on relationships between objects and employing a broader range of moral principles, prioritizing community harmony and interpersonal obligations.
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Industrialised Western: Advocate for analytical thinking, emphasizing individual attributes and applying categorical rules to explain and predict behavior, prioritizing justice and individual rights.
- Industrialised Western USA: Exhibits heightened individualism, valuing choice, analytical reasoning, and rationalization, with a greater emphasis on autonomy and less susceptibility to social influence.
Gender and Sex Diversity in Research
- A significant gap exists in the accurate measurement of sex and gender within research studies.
- This omission affects the validity of findings, undermines participant diversity, and can lead to ethical concerns, psychological harm, and a lack of respect for gender diversity.
Indigenous Psychology
- Indigenous psychology prioritizes a culturally relevant and locally defined perspective.
- The focus is on understanding indigenous cultures and their unique values, methodologies, and knowledge systems.
- Two main types of indigenous psychology:
- First type: Inclusive of all residents within a country, emphasizes a long history of psychology within the nation.
- Second type: Primarily focuses on the original inhabitants of a specific land, often with a shorter or less established history of psychology within the culture.
Indigenous Psychology Key Features
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Indigenous People: Martinez Cobo's (1986) definition includes:
- Historical connection to pre-invasion and pre-colonial societies.
- Distinct from dominant societal sectors.
- Aim to preserve and transmit cultural heritage.
- Maintain ethnic identity and ancestral territories.
- Adhere to distinct cultural patterns and legal systems.
Common Features of Indigenous Peoples
- Martinez Cobo (1995) identifies three common features:
- Ongoing impact of colonization on their way of being.
- Adapting to and surviving within the dominant settler society.
- Maintaining connection to their lands and traditional ways of life.
Indigenisation
- Refers to the development of indigenous psychology, which emphasizes the creation of locally relevant knowledge and practices.
- Stages of indigenization:
- Acknowledgement of Western theories' limitations.
- Adaptation of Western theories to suit local realities and exploration of indigenous concepts and methods.
- Establishment of a self-sustaining discipline independent of Western psychology.
Two Types of Indigenization by Enriquez (1993)
- ETIC/ Without: Adapting existing Western theories and methods to fit an indigenous context.
- EMIC/ Within: Developing new theories and concepts rooted in indigenous culture, highlighting unique perspectives not captured by outside researchers.
Indigenous Cosmology
- Origin narratives and beliefs explaining the universe, our place in it, and our purpose.
- Addresses questions like, "Who am I? Where do I fit in? Where am I going? Why is this important in my life?"
- Different cosmologies exist in various indigenous cultures, drawing on indigenous knowledge, historical traditions, cultural practices, and sometimes, religious beliefs.
Indigenous Australians Facts:
- Constitute 3.3% of the Australian population.
- Average age is 22.
- Geographic distribution includes 35% in cities, 20% in regional areas, 22% in outer regional areas, and 22% in remote areas.
- Over 260 distinct languages existed at the time of colonization.
Indigenous Australians Cosmology:
- Emphasize interconnectedness between the world, waters, earth, flora, fauna, and people.
- Rooted in semi-nomadic traditions.
- Prioritizes social, religious, and spiritual activities centered on belonging to Country.
- Every individual is connected to family, kinship groups, language groups, and spiritual connections that influence their well-being.
- Relationships with others determine behavior, responsibilities, expectations, and obligations.
The Self
- Self-awareness: The process of introspection and thinking about oneself.
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Self-concept: The content of our knowledge about who we are, encompassing various aspects like:
- Gender or sex
- Location
- Occupation
- Personality
- Likes and dislikes
- Physical attributes
- Nationality or ethnicity
- Relationships
- Religion
- Hobbies and interests
Self-Construal Theory
- How we define and make sense of ourselves in relation to others.
- Independent Self-Construal: Emphasizes personal characteristics, individuality, and uniqueness, common in Western cultures.
- Interdependent Self-Construal: Defines the self through relationships and group memberships, prevalent in non-Western collectivist cultures.
Types of Interdependent Self-Construal:
- Relational Interdependence: Focuses on close relationships, often associated with women in Western societies.
- Collective Interdependence: Emphasizes membership in larger groups, often associated with men in Western societies.
Research on Self-Construal Theory:
- Singelis (1994): Identified the "Self-Construal Scale" to measure self-construal, supporting the validity of this theory.
- Han & Humphreys (2016): Contributed research on the topic, focusing on specific aspects of self-construal.
- Hamilton & Biehal (2005): Studied the impact of self-construal on financial decision-making, revealing that individuals with interdependent self-construals exhibit greater risk aversion to protect the well-being of their group.
- Mandel (2003): Explored the influence of primed self-construals on both financial and social decisions, demonstrating that individuals primed for interdependence tend to take more financial risks but fewer social risks, while those primed for independence show the opposite pattern.
Indigenous Australians' Self-Concept
- A holistic approach that encompasses the entire community, including the self, kin, family, community, traditional lands, ancestors, and spiritual existence.
- Challenges the Western concept of self-concept by emphasizing a broader, interconnected perspective that views the individual as part of a larger social and spiritual fabric.
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Description
Explore the influence of culture on psychological research and cognitive processes. This quiz delves into how cultural variations affect perception, decision-making, and cognitive styles, highlighting the limitations of studies focused on WEIRD populations. Test your understanding of these critical aspects of cultural psychology.
