Cultural Psychology Module 59 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person from an individualistic culture?

He would view his life task as fitting in and maintaining connections.

He would strive to develop a few close and enduring relationships.

He would cope by accommodating to reality.

His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes. (correct)

He would focus on his duty to his family.

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy?

Manuela believes others are always watching her.

Saundra believes it rained because she's been wishing for rain for days.

Rasheed believes he is a competent skater. (correct)

Igor maintains his optimism despite doing poorly in his math class.

Abraham believes he is a good person.

Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist?

A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom. (correct)

A depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind.

A defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist.

In a premarriage counseling session, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots.

A person applying for a managerial position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

The way we explain negative and positive events is called?

Attributional style. Signup and view all the answers

Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach?

Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

What is the social-cognitive perspective?

It views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context. Signup and view all the answers

What does the behavioral approach focus on in personality theory?

It focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development. Signup and view all the answers

What is reciprocal determinism?

It is the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is positive psychology concerned with?

It concerns not only with weakness and damage but also with strength and virtue. Signup and view all the answers

Who was the founder of positive psychology?

Martin Seligman. Signup and view all the answers

What is individualism?

It is giving priority to one's own goals over group goals. Signup and view all the answers

What is collectivism?

It is giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term self refer to in psychology?

It is the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions and is the center of personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the spotlight effect?

It is overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-esteem?

It is the feeling of self-worth. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-efficacy?

It is one's sense of competence on a task and effectiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What is self-serving bias?

It is our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably. Signup and view all the answers

What is narcissism?

It is excessive self-love and self-absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is defensive self-esteem?

It is fragile and focuses on sustaining itself, making failures and criticism feel threatening. Signup and view all the answers

What is secure self-esteem?

It is less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, leading to a greater quality of life. Signup and view all the answers

What is a case study?

It is an in-depth study of one individual. Signup and view all the answers

What are case study perspectives?

They include psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches. Signup and view all the answers

What is a survey?

It is a systematic questioning of a random sample of the population. Signup and view all the answers

What are survey perspectives?

They include trait, social-cognitive, and positive psychology approaches. Signup and view all the answers

What are projective tests?

They use ambiguous stimuli to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What are projective tests perspectives?

They are typically psychodynamic in nature. Signup and view all the answers

What are personally inventories?

They are objectively scored groups of questions designed to identify personality disposition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the perspective for personally inventories?

It is trait-oriented. Signup and view all the answers

What is observation in psychology?

It involves studying how individuals react in different situations. Signup and view all the answers

What is the observation perspective?

It is social-cognitive. Signup and view all the answers

What is experimentation in psychology?

It involves manipulating variables with random assignment to conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the experimentation perspective?

It is social-cognitive. Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychoanalytic approach according to Freud?

It involves defense mechanisms that fend off anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychodynamic approach according to Adler, Horney, and Jung?

It is the dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives and conflicts that shape our personality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the humanistic approach according to Rogers and Maslow?

It emphasizes developing self-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept in a climate of unconditional positive regard. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trait perspective in psychology?

It posits that we have certain stable and enduring characteristics influenced by genetic predispositions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the social-cognitive approach?

It explores how our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Individualistic and Collectivist Cultures

Individualistic cultures prioritize personal goals over group objectives, with identity defined by personal attributes.
Collectivist cultures focus on group goals and define identity through group affiliations.

Self-Efficacy and Self-Esteem

Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their competence to perform specific tasks.
Self-esteem is the overall feeling of self-worth and value.
Defensive self-esteem is fragile, while secure self-esteem is stable and less dependent on external validation.

Psychological Perspectives

Social-Cognitive Perspective: Influences of traits and social context on behavior.
Behavioral Approach: Emphasizes learning effects on personality development.
Psychoanalytic Perspective: Proposes defense mechanisms to manage anxiety.
Psychodynamic Perspective: Describes the interplay of conscious and unconscious motives.
Humanistic Perspective: Focuses on self-awareness and positive self-concept in a supportive environment.
Trait Perspective: Suggests stable and enduring characteristics shaped by genetic factors.

Assessments and Research Methods

Case Study: In-depth examination of an individual.
Survey: Systematic questioning of a sample population used in trait and social-cognitive perspectives.
Projective Tests: Use ambiguous stimuli (e.g., TAT & Rorschach) to reveal inner dynamics; aligned with psychodynamic perspective.
Personality Inventories (MMPI): Objective questionnaire to assess personality traits, grounded in trait perspective.
Observational Study: Examines reactions in various situations, fitting within social-cognitive framework.
Experimentation: Involves manipulation of variables with random assignment, also under the social-cognitive perspective.

Key Terms

Reciprocal Determinism: Interaction between behavior, cognition, and environment influences individual outcomes.
Attributional Style: The way individuals explain their successes and failures.
Narcissism: Characterized by excessive self-love and self-absorption.
Spotlight Effect: Tendency to overestimate the attention others pay to our actions and appearance.

Notable Figures in Psychology

Albert Bandura: Leading advocate of the social-cognitive approach to personality.
Martin Seligman: Founder of positive psychology, which emphasizes strengths and virtues alongside weaknesses.

Psychological Theories

Positive Psychology: Focuses on strengths and well-being rather than solely on pathology.
Defensive and Secure Self-Esteem: Differences in self-worth stability and response to feedback.

Summary of Concepts

The self is the central organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions, shaping our personality.
Understanding personality involves various perspectives, each highlighting different influencing factors, from traits to social contexts.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the concepts explored in Module 59 related to individualistic cultures. This set of flashcards focuses on identifying characteristics and behaviors typical of individuals from such cultures. Perfect for students of psychology looking to enhance their understanding of cultural influences on behavior.