Cultural Production and LGBTQ+ Representation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary dependent variable in the production of culture perspective?

  • The market demand for cultural items
  • The distribution of cultural products
  • The final product created (correct)
  • The technology used in production

Which of the following factors is NOT part of the six-facet model of cultural production?

  • Careers
  • Technology
  • Emotional impact (correct)
  • Industry structure

How does technology influence cultural production according to the production of culture perspective?

  • By providing tools and machines that influence what can be made (correct)
  • By determining the creativity of the content
  • By shaping artistic conventions and trends
  • By establishing legal frameworks for creation

In the production of culture perspective, what role do markets play?

<p>They shape what gets made based on consumer demand. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'art world' in the context of cultural production?

<p>An interconnected system including multiple roles in art creation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cultural production does 'organizational structure' refer to?

<p>How companies are arranged, affecting creativity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of conventions in the production process?

<p>They are rules that guide the creation process, enhancing familiarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of law and regulation on cultural production?

<p>They create limitations by defining what can be legally produced. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do conventions in a creative field primarily help with?

<p>Ensuring the final product feels familiar yet exciting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents material uncertainty in the context of artistic creation?

<p>Challenges related to the availability of resources and materials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines evaluative uncertainty?

<p>Uncertainty about how audiences will perceive the artwork (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Nobody-Knows Principle influence the cultural industries?

<p>It underscores the unpredictability of outcomes in cultural production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of the commercial segment in the fashion industry?

<p>Selecting models who appeal to a wide consumer base (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In genre trajectories, what stage follows the emergence of a new music style?

<p>Popularization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes habitus as per Bourdieu's framework?

<p>An individual's personal filter shaped by social experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural capital enable individuals to do in society?

<p>Gain advantages through non-financial resources and knowledge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does risk management play in the fashion industry?

<p>To implement strategies that minimize uncertainty in selection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did bebop jazz develop according to genre trajectories?

<p>It started small and grew into a respected genre (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the editorial segment of the fashion industry?

<p>To showcase models with artistic and unique looks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes a 'game' in society where individuals compete for status?

<p>Field (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with cultural industries?

<p>High unpredictability regarding success and audience acceptance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'investment' refer to in the context of cultural capital?

<p>Effort and resources put into gaining cultural knowledge and skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the widening of what was considered art in the mid-20th century?

<p>Shifts in cultural values and the rise of new art forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Khan characterize modern elites' cultural preferences?

<p>They seek out cultural experiences that emphasize refinement and exclusivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Rivera's account, which role does cultural matching serve in hiring practices?

<p>It helps maintain the firm's social culture and cohesion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the economy of dignity refer to in Pugh's ethnography?

<p>Children using popular culture to gain social status among peers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does facework allow children to do in social interactions?

<p>To manage their social identity and avoid losing face. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of bridging labor as described in popular culture interactions?

<p>To connect with others by finding common ground. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the democratization of art relate to the evolution of musical genres according to the content?

<p>It shows how marginalized forms like hip hop became widely accepted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes commercial modeling from editorial modeling?

<p>Commercial modeling prioritizes mass market tastes while editorial values exclusivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy might children use to assert they belong in a culture they lack experience in?

<p>Claiming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of children engaging in patrolling behaviors?

<p>To ensure peers conform to cultural expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of cultural matching in hiring practices?

<p>Preference for candidates from certain social classes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do shifts in cultural values influence perceptions of art?

<p>They enable the recognition of previously disregarded cultural expressions as art. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cultural capital helps explain the difference between mainstream and high fashion?

<p>It points to the disparity in accessibility and appeal in the fashion industry. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does objectified cultural capital refer to?

<p>Physical items that symbolize cultural knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is institutionalized cultural capital primarily acquired?

<p>Through formal qualifications and certifications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice best illustrates Veblen’s concept of conspicuous consumption?

<p>Purchasing luxury goods to impress others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a potlatch play in Indigenous culture?

<p>It involves giving away valuable items to gain status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the distinction between high art and popular culture evolve in the 19th century?

<p>Wealthy patrons separated refined art from mass entertainment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does embodied cultural capital consist of?

<p>Knowledge, skills, and habits developed over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change in the reception of Shakespeare's works by the late 19th century?

<p>His plays were adapted for more casual performances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did the high art/popular culture distinction emerge in the United States?

<p>Due to the expansion of the middle class desiring separation from mass entertainment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cultural entrepreneurship primarily concerned with?

<p>Developing profitable cultural products and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do club managers facilitate conspicuous consumption?

<p>By creating environments where spending signals high status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key technological factor in the 19th century regarding popular culture?

<p>The development of print media making it more accessible. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of individuals with high cultural capital?

<p>Interest in complex and refined tastes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does giving away valuable items during a potlatch relate to social status?

<p>It showcases a person's wealth and generosity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the status of high art between 1840 and 1910?

<p>It remained exclusive to the elite despite wider access. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Production of Culture Perspective

An approach that examines how the environment surrounding creation (tools, rules, industries, jobs) impacts what gets produced in culture.

Dependent Variable (Production of Culture)

The final cultural product (e.g., movie, song, clothing style) that results from the production process.

Six-Facet Model of Cultural Production

A framework that identifies six key factors (technology, law, industry, organization, careers, markets) influencing cultural products.

Art World

A network of interconnected stakeholders (artist, helpers, critics, buyers, fans) contributing to the creation and evaluation of art.

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Conventions (in Culture)

Established patterns, rules, or traditions that guide the production and consumption of culture.

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Technology (in Cultural Production)

Tools and machines affecting what can be created and how it's consumed.

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Industry Structure (Culture)

The number and size of companies shaping the range of cultural products.

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Markets (Cultural Production)

Consumer preferences dictating what is produced in popular culture.

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Objectified Cultural Capital

Physical objects that show cultural knowledge or taste. Their value depends on understanding and use, not just owning them.

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Institutionalized Cultural Capital

Formal recognition of skills/knowledge; qualifications (degrees, certifications).

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Embodied Cultural Capital

Knowledge, skills, habits, and ways of thinking; part of who you are, learned over time.

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High Cultural Capital Tastes

Preferences for complex, intellectual things (e.g., classical music, fine art).

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Low Cultural Capital Tastes

Preferences for popular, accessible things (e.g., mainstream music, movies).

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Conspicuous Consumption

Buying expensive things to show wealth and social status, not because you need them.

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Potlatch

A traditional ceremony of gift-giving, displaying wealth or generosity, by Indigenous groups.

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Cultural Entrepreneurship

Creating and managing cultural products (art, music, fashion) in a successful/profitable way.

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High Art/Popular Culture Distinction (19th Century)

Wealthy people separated "refined" art (classical music, fine art) from things enjoyed by the masses.

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19th Century Distinction - Changes

Technology made popular culture more accessible; museums/schools kept high art elite-focused.

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Shakespeare's Reception

Shakespeare's plays were initially for elites but later became popular, accessible due to adapted performances.

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High Art/Popular Culture distinction - US cause

Growing middle class wanted to distinguish themselves from mass entertainment, creating a separation between high art and popular culture.

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Mid-20th Century Art Widening

What types of work could be considered art expanded in the mid 20th century, beyond a traditional definition.

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Conventions in a creative field

Unwritten rules or common habits understood and followed by people in a creative field to ensure smooth collaboration, desired audience reaction, and a familiar, yet exciting product.

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Material Uncertainty

The challenges artists face due to limitations in resources and tools, leading to uncertainty about the outcome of their work.

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Evaluative Uncertainty

The uncertainty artists experience about how others (critics, audiences, buyers) will react to their work.

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Risk in cultural industries

High because the success of cultural products is unpredictable.

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Nobody-Knows Principle

Outcomes in cultural production are inherently uncertain.

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Risk Management in Fashion

Strategies to mitigate unpredictability in fashion selection, such as focusing on selection criteria.

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Selection Criteria (Fashion)

Factors considered when choosing models, designs, trends, or entire collections to minimize selection risks.

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Genre Trajectories

The growth and change of music styles or trends over time, following three stages: emergence, popularization, and institutionalization.

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Habitus

Your personal filter for how you see and act in the world, shaped by your upbringing, experiences, and social class.

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Field

A social 'game' where people compete for status, power, or resources. Each field has its own rules, values, and ways to win.

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Cultural Capital

Non-financial resources, knowledge, and skills used to navigate society and gain advantages.

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Commercial Fashion

Segment of the fashion industry focused on models appealing to a broad audience to sell products.

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Editorial Fashion

Segment of fashion industry focused on unique or artistic models for magazine covers or shows.

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Emergence (Genre)

The initial stage of a new genre, often starting with a small group and a specific style.

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Popularization (Genre)

The phase where a genre gains wider acceptance and popularity.

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Institutionalization (Genre)

The ultimate stage where a genre becomes a recognized and established part of culture.

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Widening definition of art

Mid-20th century shift in cultural values allowed more diverse art forms, including previously "low" or popular culture elements (like ads, comics, everyday objects) to be recognized as art.

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Elite cultural preferences

Today's elites prefer exclusive, sophisticated cultural experiences (rare art, events, high fashion) showing distinction and social status, valuing authenticity and cultural capital.

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Cultural matching in hiring

Firms (banks, law firms, consulting) prioritize candidates who share similar values and backgrounds, creating a cohesive culture, sometimes favoring certain social classes over more qualified candidates.

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Economy of dignity

Children use popular culture knowledge to gain social status and respect among peers; exchanging cultural knowledge for social acceptance.

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Facework

Strategies children use to manage their social identity when lacking resources or experience for full participation in the economy of dignity, preventing social embarrassment.

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Bridging labor

Connecting with others by finding common ground to overcome lack of experience or knowledge in social interactions.

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Claiming

Asserting knowledge of a topic or trend to maintain social standing, even when the knowledge is unfounded.

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Patrolling

Monitoring others' behavior and cultural knowledge, ensuring adherence to social expectations within peer groups.

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Contesting

Challenging or disputing cultural norms or opinions to assert one's own place within a peer group.

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Concealing

Hiding or downplaying a lack of knowledge or resources to avoid judgment or exclusion.

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Social inequalities in consumption

Different groups' unequal access to resources, knowledge, and social networks influence the cultural objects and practices considered valuable.

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Democratization of Art

Lower-status art forms gaining wider recognition and popular appeal signifying societal change, such as bluegrass, bebop jazz or hip hop.

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Commercial modeling

Models selected for broad appeal and adherence to mainstream beauty standards (often linked to mass market tastes).

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Editorial modeling

Models selected for uniqueness and their aligning with high-fashion, a more exclusive, niche area of culture.

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Study Notes

Production of Culture Perspective

  • Focuses on how production environment (tools, rules, industries) shapes cultural output (movies, songs, etc.)
  • Dependent variable is the final product
  • Examines how LGBTQ+ characters are represented in TV shows like RuPaul's Drag Race, contributing to queer identity normalization.

Six-Facet Model of Cultural Production

  • Framework explaining cultural creation, shaping, distribution.
  • Created by sociologist Richard A. Peterson.
  • Six interacting facets shaping cultural products:
    • Technology: Tools & machines influence creation (e.g., streaming platforms).
    • Law and Regulation: Rules decide what's allowed (e.g., copyright).
    • Industry Structure: Number of companies affects output (e.g., few vs many companies).
    • Organizational Structure: Company setup impacts creativity (some are rigid, some more flexible).
    • Careers: Available jobs and networks shape who creates.
    • Markets: Public desires shape made products (e.g., popular colors influence clothing).

Art World Concept

  • Art's creation isn't solely by the artist.
  • Involves helpers, critics, buyers, fans who shape and value art.

Conventions in Production

  • Conventions are production guidelines (rules, traditions).
  • Examples include verse-chorus structures in pop songs, hero/villain in movies.
  • Help ensure smooth collaboration, audience appeal, and familiarity.

Artistic Decision-Making (Wohl)

  • Artists balance material and evaluative uncertainties.
  • Material uncertainty: Resource availability (materials, tools).
  • Evaluative uncertainty: Audience/critic reception.
  • Decisions weigh originality against marketability.

Risk in Culture Industries

  • High risk in cultural industries due to unpredictable success.
  • Nobody-Knows Principle (Richard Caves): Outcomes are inherently uncertain.
  • Risk management strategies in fashion industry to mitigate unpredictability (e.g., model selection criteria).

Fashion Industry Selection Criteria

  • Commercial and editorial segments differ in selection criteria.
    • Commercial: Focus: models with wide appeal to sell products.
    • Editorial: Focus: Unique/artistic models for magazines/shows.

Genre Trajectories (Lena)

  • Describes how music styles change over time.
    • Emergence: Genre starts small.
    • Popularization: Genre grows and gains wider appeal.
    • Institutionalization: Genre becomes culturally recognized.
  • Examples with bebop jazz, bluegrass, and hip hop.

Social Inequalities Perspective

Bourdieu's Framework

  • Habitus: Personal filter shaped by upbringing & social class. Determines preferences, behaviors.
  • Field: Social "game" with rules and values (e.g., art, sports). People navigate with habitus.

Cultural Capital

  • Non-financial assets (knowledge, skills, tastes) used to navigate society.
    • Investment: Requires effort, time, and resources for acquisition (e.g. education).
    • Returns on Investment: Open doors to opportunities, social networks, and higher status/income.

Cultural Capital Types

  • Objectified: Physical objects signifying cultural knowledge (rare books, art).
  • Institutionalized: Formal recognition of skills (degrees, awards).
  • Embodied: Learned habits, skills, ways of thinking acquired through socialization.

Taste and Cultural Capital

  • High vs Low cultural capital correlates with taste preferences (classical music, fine art vs. popular music). Tastes reflect cultural exposure and social context.

Conspicuous Consumption (Veblen)

  • Buying expensive items to display wealth & status, not because of necessity.

Potlatch

  • Indigenous ceremony where hosts give away valuable things to showcase wealth & status.
  • Extended to contemporary consumption practices (showing wealth via lavish spending).
  • Club managers and fashion influencers encourage potlatch-like behaviors.

High Art/Popular Culture Distinction

  • 19th-century emergence in the USA driven by rising middle class separation from mass entertainment.
  • Influenced by museums and schools, supporting high art as exclusive.
  • Affected Shakespeare's reception in America, shifting from elite performances to increasingly mainstream presentations.
  • Non-profits played role by supporting, promoting high art to emphasize difference.

Cultural Entrepreneurship

  • Combining creativity and business skills to create successful cultural products/experiences.

Widening of Art in Mid-20th Century

  • Expanded definition of what counts as art in the USA due to new art forms (pop art) and mass media impact.

Elite Cultural Preferences Today

  • Distinction and exclusivity in cultural preferences, signaled by unique and high-end experiences.

Cultural Matching in Hiring

  • Hiring practices in investment banks, law firms, favor candidates whose culture aligns with the firm's values and goals.

Economy of Dignity (Pugh)

  • Children use popular cultural knowledge to gain social status and recognition.

Facework and Strategies

  • Children manage social identities & avoid losing face due to lack of resources or experiences. Strategies include: Bridging labor, claiming, patrolling, contesting, concealing.

Short Answer Questions

  • Social Inequalities & Cultural Production: Extending social inequalities (Lena, Bourdieu) to the production of culture, examining how group access impacts produced cultural goods and values. Analyzing how democratization of art explains the rise of new cultural genres (bluegrass, bebop), and how cultural capital explains disparities in commercial vs editorial modeling.

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Description

Explore the Production of Culture Perspective, focusing on how the production environment influences cultural outputs such as movies and TV shows. This quiz also delves into the Six-Facet Model of Cultural Production by Richard A. Peterson, examining key elements like technology, industry structure, and market dynamics that shape cultural products and representation.

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