Cultural Influences on Thinking Patterns
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Cultural Influences on Thinking Patterns

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Questions and Answers

What is a common characteristic of individualistic societies, as described?

  • Focus on personal choice and freedom (correct)
  • Emphasis on group achievement
  • Prioritization of social harmony
  • Valuing shared success

    • How do people in collectivist societies typically approach problems?

  • By pursuing personal success above all
  • By emphasizing competition over cooperation
  • By focusing solely on individual components
  • By considering the relationships and context (correct)

    • What tendency do American professors exhibit regarding self-assessment?

  • They accurately assess their competencies
  • They underestimate their competencies
  • They have no strong opinion on their competencies
  • They are likely to self-inflate their abilities (correct)

    • What does holistic thinking typically involve, according to the content?

    <p>Analyzing problems in terms of the broader context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to Westerners, what do people in East Asia tend to do when assessing their abilities?

    <p>Underestimate their abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of individualistic values on self-esteem?

    <p>Pursuit of greater personal happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might Westerners view the behavior of a tall man intimidating a smaller person?

    <p>As indicative of a fixed personal trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus for people from collectivist cultures?

    <p>Harmonizing community relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cognitive profile of Hokkaido compare to that of America?

    <p>It is closer to America than to the rest of Japan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been largely ignored in psychological research until recently?

    <p>The global diversity of thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of psychological subjects in studies until recently were identified as 'Weird'?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to researchers, how do Americans typically rank in studies regarding psychological differences?

    <p>They come out on the far end of the distributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept contrasts with individualism according to the content?

    <p>Collectivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might crops have influenced cognitive styles according to the content?

    <p>By changing social interaction dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the awareness of historical and cultural influences help individuals understand?

    <p>Their own cognitive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption did prior studies make about psychological subjects?

    <p>They represent universal human nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlation did Corey Fincher and colleagues find in their analysis of global epidemiological data?

    <p>Greater collectivism is linked with higher disease prevalence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the research, what behavior is commonly exhibited by collectivist societies regarding disease prevention?

    <p>More conscientious avoidance of disease-spreading behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor was suggested as a potential cause of the correlation between collectivism and disease prevalence?

    <p>The agricultural practices of the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the behaviors noted by Thomas Talhelm regarding the people of Beijing compared to those in Guangzhou?

    <p>People in Beijing are less hesitant to offend others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of agriculture was linked to greater collectivism in southern provinces of China?

    <p>Rice farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the relationship between the type of staple crop and social orientation in China?

    <p>Wheat is linked to individualistic societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding regarding people's behavior when psychologists prime them to feel fear of disease?

    <p>They display greater conformity to group behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Talhelm conclude about the division of collectivism and individualism in China?

    <p>It aligns with the type of staple crop grown in the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Henrich's 'Weird' bias refer to in the context of psychology?

    <p>The inclination to generalize findings based solely on Western populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors are mentioned as influencing the way individuals straddle Eastern and Western ways of thinking?

    <p>Age and class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge hinders the progress of understanding different psychological frameworks globally?

    <p>The limited time and funding for diverse studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Talhelm's involvement in large projects significant?

    <p>It signifies a shift toward including diverse populations in research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding the current state of psychological research as highlighted in the text?

    <p>Most research overlooks the psychological differences in various cultures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon does the 'voluntary settlement theory' aim to explain?

    <p>The higher scores in individualism at the frontier states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which American agriculturist is associated with the settlement of Hokkaido?

    <p>William S Clark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Hokkaido Japanese people's views on social reasoning tests differ from those from other islands?

    <p>They place more blame on personality or moral flaws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mindset is prevalent in most East Asian countries, including Japan as a whole?

    <p>Collectivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Shinobu Kitayama's findings indicate about the values of people in Hokkaido?

    <p>They prioritize independence and personal achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological aspect contrasts the responses of Hokkaido Japanese and those from other islands regarding social issues?

    <p>Blame on personal characteristics rather than context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality do Hokkaido Japanese people display when discussing moral character in a social context?

    <p>A tendency toward individualistic reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical factor contributed to the development of individualism in Hokkaido?

    <p>The rush of migration to settle the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Global Diversity of Thinking

    • Most Psychological studies are conducted on WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) participants, with 70% being American undergraduate students.
    • There is a growing awareness of the impact of social environment, history, geography and culture on human cognition.
    • The "cognitive profile" of Hokkaido, Japan is closer to America due to historical migration patterns.

    Cultural Influences on Thinking

    • Most Western societies are individualistic, focusing on personal success and self-esteem.
    • Eastern societies, particularly Japan, tend to be more collectivist, valuing group achievement and conformity.
    • This cultural difference manifests in self-perception, with Americans tending to overestimate their abilities, while East Asians may underestimate them.

    Holistic vs. Analytic Thinking

    • Holistic thinking is prevalent in Eastern cultures, emphasizing relationships and context in problem-solving.
    • Analytic thinking, common in Western cultures, focuses on individual elements and fixed situations.

    The Frontier Effect

    • The 'voluntary settlement theory' suggests that frontier settlers develop more individualistic traits.
    • Hokkaido, Japan's northernmost island, experienced rapid immigration from other Japanese regions and American agriculturists, exhibiting a blend of collectivist and individualistic traits.
    • Residents of Hokkaido are more independent and value personal achievement, similar to Americans.

    The Germ Theory of Collectivism

    • Research suggests a correlation between high disease prevalence and collectivist societies, possibly due to heightened concerns about spreading disease.
    • Experiments show people primed to fear disease exhibit more collectivist thinking and conformity.

    Agricultural Influence on Thinking

    • Different farming practices, like rice (Southern China) vs. wheat (Northern China) may influence social orientation and thinking styles.
    • Rice cultivation requires extensive cooperation due to labor-intensiveness and complex irrigation systems.
    • This may contribute to the more collectivist mindset observed in Southern China.

    Future Research

    • There is a need for more diverse and inclusive research to understand the complexities of global thinking variations.
    • The WEIRD bias in research needs to be addressed for a more accurate representation of human cognition.

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    Related Documents

    How East and West Think Differently (2017) PDF

    Description

    Explore how culture shapes cognitive processes and thinking styles across different societies. This quiz examines the contrast between individualistic and collectivist thought patterns, highlighting significant differences between Western and Eastern perspectives. Understand the impact of history, geography, and social environment on human cognition.

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