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Questions and Answers
What biological factor is associated with aggression?
What biological factor is associated with aggression?
Cultural factors have no impact on the perception of attraction.
Cultural factors have no impact on the perception of attraction.
False
Name one cultural factor that can dictate acceptable traits in attraction.
Name one cultural factor that can dictate acceptable traits in attraction.
Chastity
The _____ of honor can lead to higher rates of violent crimes in certain regions.
The _____ of honor can lead to higher rates of violent crimes in certain regions.
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Match the following relationships with their associated characteristics:
Match the following relationships with their associated characteristics:
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Which aspect of culture refers to visible characteristics like dress and technology?
Which aspect of culture refers to visible characteristics like dress and technology?
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Enculturation is the process by which people change based on exposure to a new culture.
Enculturation is the process by which people change based on exposure to a new culture.
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What is the process called when individuals learn their culture through direct teaching from elders?
What is the process called when individuals learn their culture through direct teaching from elders?
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Acculturation can sometimes lead to __________ stress.
Acculturation can sometimes lead to __________ stress.
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Match the types of learning in enculturation with their definitions:
Match the types of learning in enculturation with their definitions:
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Which process occurs when people change based on exposure to a new culture?
Which process occurs when people change based on exposure to a new culture?
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Cultural norms are always unspoken.
Cultural norms are always unspoken.
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What term describes the beliefs and attitudes passed down through generations?
What term describes the beliefs and attitudes passed down through generations?
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What is the primary mechanism of enculturation suggested by Odden & Rochat?
What is the primary mechanism of enculturation suggested by Odden & Rochat?
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Higher BMI was found in South Asian men who migrated to the UAE compared to those who stayed in their country of origin.
Higher BMI was found in South Asian men who migrated to the UAE compared to those who stayed in their country of origin.
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What was a significant predictor of dietary behavior in the study by Gunewardene, Huon, & Zheng?
What was a significant predictor of dietary behavior in the study by Gunewardene, Huon, & Zheng?
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Hofstede organized his findings into four cultural dimensions, one of which is __________.
Hofstede organized his findings into four cultural dimensions, one of which is __________.
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In individualist countries, which of the following is highly valued?
In individualist countries, which of the following is highly valued?
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Match the cultural dimension with its description:
Match the cultural dimension with its description:
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Collectivist cultures tend to have nuclear family structures.
Collectivist cultures tend to have nuclear family structures.
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Which cultural dimension was added by Hofstede in 2001?
Which cultural dimension was added by Hofstede in 2001?
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Which bias are individualists more likely to exhibit?
Which bias are individualists more likely to exhibit?
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Collectivists are more likely to take credit for their successes.
Collectivists are more likely to take credit for their successes.
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What cultural dimension do long-term oriented societies prioritize?
What cultural dimension do long-term oriented societies prioritize?
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Kashima & Triandis conducted research focusing on __________ differences in attribution.
Kashima & Triandis conducted research focusing on __________ differences in attribution.
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Match the following cultures to their conformity characteristics:
Match the following cultures to their conformity characteristics:
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What was one finding from Bond and Smith's meta-analysis?
What was one finding from Bond and Smith's meta-analysis?
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Short-term oriented societies value long-term relationships over immediate satisfaction.
Short-term oriented societies value long-term relationships over immediate satisfaction.
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What is emic research focused on?
What is emic research focused on?
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Study Notes
Learning Outcomes
- This unit focuses on explaining how culture influences behavior and cognition.
- It examines the role of two cultural dimensions on behavior.
- It discusses the role of enculturation and acculturation on behavior.
Defining Culture
- Culture is transmitted through generations.
- Behavior is influenced by social/cultural norms (explicit or implicit).
- Roles and expected behaviors are also part of culture.
- Culture includes shared attitudes, customs, traditions, and symbols.
- Triandis (2002) identified objective culture (e.g., dress, technology, food) and subjective culture (beliefs passed down).
Acculturation vs. Enculturation
- Culture can be influenced by acculturation and enculturation.
- Enculturation is the process of learning necessary skills and norms within one's own culture.
- Acculturation is the process of cultural change based on exposure to a new culture.
Enculturation
- Direct tuition is when cultural norms are explicitly taught by elders (e.g., parents, teachers).
- Participatory learning occurs when children learn by participating in cultural activities (e.g., holiday preparations).
- Social cognitive theory (observational learning) involves learning from observing others.
Acculturation
- Acculturation involves adapting to a new culture's values and traditions.
- Acculturation can sometimes lead to acculturative stress.
- Language barriers are one common example of acculturation challenges.
- Berry's acculturation model outlines four major types of acculturation.
Acculturation Model
- Acculturation is measured based on identification with heritage culture and identification with the new culture.
- The model includes Integration (bicultural), Assimilation, Separation, and Marginalization.
Acculturation vs. Enculturation (research studies)
- Odden & Rochat (2004) found observational learning (SCT) as the primary enculturation mechanism in some cultures (e.g., Samoa).
- Shah et al. (2015) studied the link between acculturation and obesity.
- Gunewardene, Huon, & Zheng (2001) surveyed Chinese and Australian girls to understand how westernization affected their dieting behavior.
Cultural Dimensions
- Hofstede (1984) studied work-related attitudes and values in various countries.
- The four cultural dimensions include:
- Individualism/Collectivism (emphasizing individual or group needs).
- Power Distance (impact of power and status differences).
- Uncertainty Avoidance (society's comfort level with ambiguity and uncertainty).
- Masculinity/Femininity (application of stereotypical gender roles).
- Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation (emphasis on future vs. present).
Individualism vs. Collectivism (further details)
- Individualistic cultures (e.g., U.S., France), value individual success, independence, and self-reliance.
- Collectivist cultures (e.g., Japan, Mexico) prioritize group membership, respect for elders, and care for others.
- Attribution errors differ across cultures.
- Individualists are more likely to exhibit self-serving bias, while collectivists show modesty bias.
- Conformity rates are higher in collectivist countries (e.g., Fiji, Hong Kong) compared to individualistic countries(e.g., US, France).
- Berry (1967) studied conformity rates between the Temne and Inuits, showing that shared economic activity affected conformity.
Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation
- Asian countries often prioritize long-term orientation over the present.
- Long-term oriented societies show perseverance, thrift, and value long-term growth over immediate gratification.
- Short-term oriented societies prioritize the present and personal pleasure.
- Basset (2004) studied conflict-resolution techniques and found that Chinese students showed more emphasis on long-term orientation.
Studying Culture
- Emic research focuses on understanding a single culture's behavior.
- Etic research compares behaviors across different cultures to find similarities and differences.
The Effect of Culture on Behavior
- Cultural factors impact certain behaviors like aggression and attraction.
- Biological factors (e.g., hormones like testosterone) also contribute.
- Evolutionary factors (e.g., reproductive potential) influence attraction.
Culture and Aggression
- Violence is common in "cultures of honor."
- Southern states in the US have higher rates of violent crimes compared to the North.
- Nisbett & Cohen (1996) compared responses to perceived insults between the American North and South, finding higher aggression and hormonal responses in Southerners.
Culture and Attraction
- Cultural factors influence valued traits (e.g., Buss' (1990) study).
- Chastity was highlighted as a culturally variable trait.
- Arranged marriages are another example of cultural influence on attraction.
- Yelsma and Athappily (1988) found that Indian couples in arranged marriages reported higher marital satisfaction than couples in love marriages.
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Description
This quiz explores how culture shapes behavior and cognition. It delves into the concepts of enculturation and acculturation, examining their roles in influencing behaviors. Test your understanding of cultural norms and dimensions that affect social conduct.
