Cultural Concepts and Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the equilibrium-disequilibrium model emphasize about cultural change?

Cultural change is caused solely by social movements.

Cultural change is disrupted by technical innovation. (correct)

Cultural change results from external economic factors.

Cultural change is always beneficial.

What is a key characteristic of deontological ethical theories?

They reject any form of moral absolutes.

They are primarily concerned with societal changes.

They evaluate actions based on intrinsic properties and intentions. (correct)

They focus exclusively on the outcomes of actions.

What does the term 'deskilling' imply?

Workers must undergo extensive re-training to adapt.

Workers' roles become more rewarding and fulfilling.

Workers gain new skills due to technological advancements.

Workers lose the ability to perform tasks requiring prior skills. (correct)

According to the theory of evolution, what processes lead to changes at the genetic and physiological levels?

Mutation and natural selection. Signup and view all the answers

What role does Deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) play within cells?

DNA forms the genetic basis within each cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are formalized technical procedures often characterized as?

Intellectual constructs that guide technical tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the equilibrium-disequilibrium model in relation to cultural systems?

To understand societal adaptation to technical innovations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a component of DNA?

DNA consists of nucleotides with diverse base structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is a scientific theory described as?

An established and experimentally verified fact Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes technology from everyday use of the term?

Technology includes complex knowledge and methods Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of technology assessment?

Estimating social and environmental consequences Signup and view all the answers

How are viruses categorized in relation to life?

They cannot reproduce without a host Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'time orientation toward work' primarily refer to?

A cultural view of work as fungible labor Signup and view all the answers

What does technology transfer involve?

The conveyance of technical systems and methods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the practitioners involved in technology?

They include engineers, machinists, and craftspeople Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the nature of viruses?

Viruses are infectious particles that require hosts to reproduce Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for a question to be used as a scientific hypothesis?

An experimental or observational study must be designed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes innovation?

A new intellectual or social product ready for practical use. Signup and view all the answers

What does the IDUAR model illustrate?

The relationship between technical change and social change. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of innovation diffusion?

How an innovation is spread within a social group. Signup and view all the answers

How does the Western innovation system help technological advancements?

By fostering specific dispositions and political institutions. Signup and view all the answers

What is indigenous technology?

Technology specific to a particular community or region. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'culture' encompass in the context described?

The total inherited and transmitted way of life of a group or society Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the transformation during the Industrial Revolution?

A change from human and animal labor to inanimate energy sources. Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is NOT part of the cumulative synthesis theory of invention?

Establishing a marketing strategy Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'enskillment effect' refer to?

The need for workers to develop new skills for a new work situation Signup and view all the answers

What does intensification refer to in the context of technology?

The application of inanimate energy sources in production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines an ecosystem as mentioned?

A biological system characterized by a unique mix of organisms and physical components Signup and view all the answers

In the context of engineering, what is its primary purpose?

To meet practical human needs through organizing technical systems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cumulative synthesis theory of invention is true?

It involves a genetic sequence of four unique stages. Signup and view all the answers

What does an environmental impact statement evaluate?

The potential effects of a new invention on both natural and built environments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the personality-behavioral subsystems mentioned?

The interdependence of behavior and cultural influences Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA commonly described as?

Double helix Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs are the only forms of base pair combinations found in DNA?

AT, GC Signup and view all the answers

What does high technology heavily rely on?

Advanced scientific or engineering knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypothesis defined as?

A testable scientific idea Signup and view all the answers

What is heroic theory of invention primarily focused on?

Inventions created by single individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes an influence agent?

A social actor that affects technological activity Signup and view all the answers

What does influence exercise refer to?

Types of influence on science or technology Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is common in high technology industries?

Higher than average R&D expenditures to sales Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Culture

Culture encompasses a society's shared values, beliefs, practices, and material possessions.

Cumulative Synthesis Theory of Invention

The Cumulative Synthesis Theory of Invention posits that invention is a complex process involving four stages: problem recognition, stage setting, insight, and revision.

Deontological Ethical Theories

These theories determine right and wrong based on inherent qualities of actions, agent intentions, or authority approval, rather than consequences.

Deskilling/Deskilling Effect

New work situations can lead to "deskilling," where workers are no longer required to utilize previously acquired skills due to technological advancements.

Deoxy-Ribonucleic Acid (DNA)

DNA is the genetic material in cells.
It consists of a double helix structure composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C).
DNA base pairs are always AT and GC.

Equilibrium-Disequilibrium Model

This model examines how technological innovation disrupts societal equilibrium, leading to cultural disequilibrium, followed by readjustment to a new equilibrium.

Engineering

Engineering focuses on the design, production, and operation of technologies to fulfill practical human needs.

Enskilling Effect

A new work situation that demands workers to develop and utilize fresh skills not previously required.

Environmental Impact Statement

This statement assesses the anticipated effects, both positive and negative, of a proposed technological project on the natural and built environment.

Evolution, Theory of

Darwin's theory of evolution is biology's central theory.
Evolution is a long-term process (over 3 billion years) driven by mutations in genes and natural selection, leading to changes at the genetic and physiological levels.

Formalized Technical Procedures

Structured instructions, often computer programs, providing specific and precise guidelines for carrying out technical tasks.

Health and Safety Issues

Concern about potential hazards in science and technology, including exposure to chemicals and radiation, and the increasing prevalence of disabling diseases.

Heroic Theory of Invention

This theory attributes inventions to individual ingenuity, brilliance, determination, and effort.

High Technology

Technologies developed in the late 20th century that rely heavily on advanced scientific and engineering knowledge, commonly found in fields like microelectronics, biotechnology, aerospace, and instrumentation.

Hypothesis

A testable scientific proposition that can be proven true or false through experiments.
A well-formed hypothesis presents a predictive question that can be investigated through research.

IDUAR Model

A model of the relationship between technical change and social change, considering five factors: innovation itself, diffusion, use, adaptation, and societal resistance.

Indigenous Technology

Technologies that are unique to a specific place, people, or geographical region.

Industrial Revolution

The shift from human and animal labor to technologies powered by inanimate energy sources.

Industrialization

Continuous expansion of advanced technologies to efficiently extract resources from the environment and produce goods for human consumption.

Influence Agent

An individual or group, such as a government agency, business, union, or public interest organization, that influences scientific or technological activities, products, or the broader societal enterprise of science and technology.

Influence Effect

Changes in scientific or technological activities, products, or the overall societal enterprise of science and technology resulting from exerted influence.

Influence Exercise

Various methods employed by influence agents to bring about specific desired outcomes.

Innovation/Invention

A new intellectual, material, or social product or process that is ready for practical use.

Innovation Diffusion

The process of spreading an innovation within a social group.

Innovation System (Western Context)

The complex interplay of values, institutions, and rewards that contributed to technological innovation in modern Western society.

Institutionalization of Science and Technology

The evolution of scientific and technological practices into established forms of organization and practice within a society, becoming integral aspects of its culture.

Intensification

Increased application of increasingly sophisticated technologies to efficiently draw energy and raw materials from the environment.

Time Orientation Toward Work

A modern cultural perspective on work as a quantified activity performed during fixed periods of time, represented as regular and equal units.

Virus

The smallest type of organism, often not considered living, as they depend on a host cell (bacteria, plant, or animal) for reproduction.
Viruses lack independent metabolism and rely on passive carriers for transport.
They are infectious particles.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various cultural concepts and theories including the Cumulative Synthesis Theory of Invention, Deontological Ethical Theories, and the impact of deskilling. This quiz covers essential aspects of culture and ethical frameworks vital for understanding societal dynamics.