CHAPTER 20 - Globalization

The ability of a government to effectively manage and influence its territory, particularly in a globalized world where borders are increasingly blurred.

The process of economic activity occurring across national borders, often involving multinational corporations and global trade agreements.

The ability to take resources away from other sectors, often leading to economic inequality.

A form of government with more centralized power and efficiency than traditional societies, capable of enacting large-scale policy changes.

The ability of the modern state to effectively influence and manage its citizens' lives, both for good and bad.

A state that is primarily defined by its people and territory rather than by its economic power.

Efforts to protect and manage natural resources, particularly forests, for sustainable use and environmental preservation.

The weakening of geographical boundaries due to globalized economic and political forces, leading to the rise of transnational organizations.

The ability to buy and sell goods and services worldwide, often facilitated by the internet and technology.

The use of internet and smartphones to connect people around the world, even in previously isolated areas.

Products like computer software, media, and online services that are intangible and can be easily transferred across borders.

A society defined by its reliance on technology, information, and knowledge to drive economic growth and development.

Companies adapting to a global market by becoming more flexible, working with other companies, and participating in international distribution networks.

The ability to outsource jobs and services to other countries where labor costs are lower, often in the global south.

Access to cheaper goods and services as a result of global competition, benefiting consumers worldwide.

Huntington's thesis predicts that different civilizations clashing will inevitably lead to a massive conflict, which could potentially become self-fulfilling.

The core difference lies between those upholding truths based on faith and those finding them through science and reason.

Ideals like personal improvement, freedom, equality, and democratic participation are relatively new concepts, developing within the last few centuries.

In the US, political debates often focus on the clash between conservative values like creationism and family values, and liberal values guided by science and civil rights.

Creationism is more likely to be taught in schools in conservative Southern districts, highlighting regional variations in educational practices.

Industrial capitalism is characterized by continuous expansion, wealth accumulation, and revisions in production technology.

Science and technology are heavily influenced by economic factors, with corporations investing in research to maintain competitiveness.

Technological advancements driven by capitalism have created a global economy with interconnected production lines and a worldwide workforce.

The decline of Soviet-style communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 20th century, leading to the integration of former communist countries into the global community. This process was both a consequence and a driver of globalization.

The UN and the EU are international organizations that promote political cooperation between nation-states. The UN is an association of individual countries, while the EU is a form of transnational governance where member states give up some sovereignty to function as a unified entity.

International organizations like the UN, despite their goal of promoting peace and stability, have faced challenges due to the reluctance of member nations to relinquish their sovereignty and the need for unanimous consent from powerful members like the US, Russia, and China.

The value of goods and services traded internationally, excluding tourism and transportation.

A situation where countries remove trade barriers and allow free flow of goods and services.

The belief that free trade benefits everyone by increasing global wealth and opportunities.

The argument that free trade can benefit developed countries at the expense of developing countries.

The movement advocating for fairer trade practices and a more equitable global economic system.

Countries with advanced economies, often located in North America, Europe, and East Asia.

Countries with developing economies, often located in Africa, Latin America, and parts of Asia.

The uneven distribution of economic benefits from globalization, with some countries prospering while others lag behind.

The idea that people are increasingly looking beyond their national identities to other sources, like global affiliations or local cultures, for a sense of belonging.

Global events, like natural disasters or humanitarian crises, that trigger international aid and cooperation.

The rise of environmental movements connected through social media, advocating for action on issues like global warming.

The tendency for nation-states to weaken as sources of identity and political influence, leading to alternative forms of identification, like ethnicity, religion, or culture.

Increasing calls for international intervention in cases of war, conflict, or human rights violations, often motivated by ethical concerns.

A form of nationalism based on ethnicity, religion, or culture, rather than national boundaries, often leading to persecution or violence against minorities or immigrants.

The process of globalization can both create and intensify local cultural revivals and identities.

The increased awareness of the scientific consensus on global warming and its potential consequences.