Cultural and Social Neuroscience

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Questions and Answers

What is the main evolutionary pressure that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities?

  • The need to understand and predict complex social interactions (correct)
  • The ability to be smarter in general
  • The requirement to work together in large groups
  • The pressure to outwit our peers

What does the text suggest is too recent to have evolved modern human culture?

  • Complex culture(s) and complex social interactions
  • Social learning
  • Social intelligence
  • City dwelling (correct)

Which of the following can be found, to some degree, in other species besides humans?

  • Complex culture(s)
  • The neocortex ratio
  • Social learning (correct)
  • Complex social interactions

What does the text suggest are the other benefits that arise from the pressure to be socially smarter?

<p>Changes in the neocortex ratio and other related brain structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the key difference between modern human culture and the more basic mechanisms that underlie it?

<p>The recency of the evolution of modern human culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Seyfarth & Cheney (2002), what is a key factor influencing an individual primate's survival and reproductive success?

<p>Their ability to manipulate others within a complex social hierarchy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When measuring brain size in relation to social intelligence, which part of the brain was specifically examined in primate groups?

<p>The neocortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Dunbar (1992), what did the correlation between brain size and social group size predict for the maximum human group size?

<p>150 individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors did Reader & Laland (2002) find to be correlated with brain size in primates?

<p>Social learning and non-social intelligence (innovation, tool use). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor did Joffe (1997) find to be correlated with brain size in primates?

<p>The length of the immaturity period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of perception is discussed in Lin et al. (2008) and Masuda et al. (2008)?

<p>Analytical perception (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cultural emotional 'dialects,' what is suggested by Elfenbein and Ambady?

<p>Emotion is universal, but cultural differences affect display rules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Zhu et al. (2007), what term is used to describe cultural variations in emotional expression?

<p>Cultural emotional dialects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What study investigates the concept of 'Reading the mind in the eyes'?

<p>Adams et al. (2009) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the research by Blais et al. (2008), what aspect of perception is compared?

<p>Analytical vs. holistic perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Cultural emotional dialects' refer to:

<p>Emotional expressions varying across cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary characteristic of culture?

<p>It is a shared set of values, skills, artifacts, and beliefs amongst a group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and serotonin uptake?

<p>The long (l/l) variant is associated with more serotonin uptake, while the short (s/s) variant is associated with less serotonin uptake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Culture-Gene Co-evolutionary Theory, what is the relationship between culture and genes?

<p>Culture and genes can co-evolve, with culture potentially influencing gene expression and vice versa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study by Chiao and Ambady (2007), what was the observed relationship between cultural differences and 5-HTT expression?

<p>Regions with higher collectivism had more individuals with the short (s/s) variant of 5-HTT. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study by Chiao and Blizinsky (2009), what was the observed relationship between individualism-collectivism and anxiety/mood disorders?

<p>Higher levels of collectivism were associated with increased anxiety and mood disorders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between culture and gene expression?

<p>Culture and gene expression can influence each other in a bidirectional manner, as suggested by the Culture-Gene Co-evolutionary Theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding mirror neurons' response to actions?

<p>Mirror neurons respond to actions that imply a specific intention or goal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential problem with mirror neurons across different species?

<p>Different species vary significantly in their spontaneous ability to imitate and use tools, despite having mirror neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the role of mirror neurons in imitation and tool use?

<p>Mirror neurons are necessary but not sufficient for imitation and tool use abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential solution to understanding the differences in imitation and tool use abilities across species?

<p>Examine the differences in brain structure and function between individuals within a species who can and cannot use tools. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is true about macaque monkeys?

<p>Macaque monkeys require extensive training to use tools like rakes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential issue with interpreting certain behaviors in infant macaques as imitation?

<p>The behaviors observed may be due to contagion rather than true imitation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which facial feature is associated with the perception of a more aggressive expression?

<p>Larger jaw (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Brooks and Freeman (2018), what was the relationship between the classification of a face as 'angry' and the perceived race of the face?

<p>Faces perceived as Black were more likely to be classified as angry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which of the following facial features is associated with the perception of a more timid expression?

<p>Thinner eyes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Dotsch et al. (2008), what was the relationship between high levels of prejudice and the internal visual representations of Moroccans?

<p>High-prejudice perceivers had internal visual representations of Moroccans as more untrustworthy and criminal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which of the following facial features is associated with the perception of a more female expression?

<p>Rounder face (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Brooks and Freeman (2018), what was the relationship between the classification of a face as 'angry' and the actual race of the face?

<p>There was no relationship between the actual race of the face and the classification of anger. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary reason for the recent questioning of the IAT as a predictor of social behavior?

<p>The IAT only correlates with implicit behavior, not explicit behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research by Phelps et al. (2000) and Amodio et al. (2003) suggest about the role of the amygdala in racial prejudice?

<p>Amygdala activity is not specific to race, but rather a general response to social novelty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the research by Cunningham et al. (2004), what is the relationship between amygdala activation and exposure duration when viewing racial out-group faces?

<p>Amygdala activation is greater for racial out-group faces only at short exposures, not long exposures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the research by Van Bavel et al. (2008) suggest about the role of motivation in modulating amygdala activity in response to in-group and out-group members?

<p>Amygdala activity is greater for novel in-group members compared to novel out-group members (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between culture and gene expression?

<p>There is no clear relationship between culture and gene expression based on the information provided (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main evolutionary pressure suggested in the text that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities?

<p>The text does not provide information about the main evolutionary pressure that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of social categorization and stereotyping?

<p>To provide an efficient way of organizing and storing information about people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about social identity is true, based on the information provided?

<p>The salience of different aspects of social identity can influence behavior and perceptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between social categorization and stereotyping?

<p>Stereotyping is a consequence of social categorization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the 'Big Three' social categories?

<p>They are gender, race, and age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the automaticity of social categorization based on the 'Big Three' categories?

<p>It is a spontaneous and obligatory process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the studies discussed in the text, what is the relationship between priming different aspects of social identity and performance or attitudes?

<p>The impact of priming depends on the specific aspect of social identity that is made salient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary characteristic of the process involving in-group/out-group perceptions?

<p>It involves a complex interplay of various cognitive and neural mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the Feed-Forward and Dynamic Interactive (DI) Models, as described in the text?

<p>The Feed-Forward Model is a traditional view, while the DI Model is a more recent and comprehensive approach. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is a key factor that influences the formation of stereotypes and prejudices?

<p>Knowledge of individuals and dissociable cognitive and emotional mechanisms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following social categories are explicitly mentioned in the text as contributing to the formation of stereotypes?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the example provided in the text, what type of stereotype is associated with the facial feature of a 'heavy brow'?

<p>Male and aggressive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary distinction between top-down and bottom-up processes in perception?

<p>Top-down processes rely on expectations and knowledge, while bottom-up processes rely on the stimulus itself. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stereotype is NOT mentioned in the text as related to Asian individuals?

<p>Outgoing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT associated with Black stereotypes?

<p>Intelligent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to visual perception, which trait is NOT influenced by stereotypes mentioned in the text?

<p>Spacial Abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, which of the following characteristics is NOT linked to White stereotypes?

<p>Outgoing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with female stereotypes based on visual perception?

<p>High Spatial Abilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common theme among stereotypes related to Black and Asian individuals?

<p>'Threatening' trait association (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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