Cultural and Social Neuroscience

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What is the main evolutionary pressure that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities?

The need to understand and predict complex social interactions (correct)

The ability to be smarter in general

The requirement to work together in large groups

The pressure to outwit our peers

What does the text suggest is too recent to have evolved modern human culture?

Complex culture(s) and complex social interactions

Social learning

Social intelligence

City dwelling (correct)

Which of the following can be found, to some degree, in other species besides humans?

Complex culture(s)

The neocortex ratio

Social learning (correct)

Complex social interactions

What does the text suggest are the other benefits that arise from the pressure to be socially smarter?

Changes in the neocortex ratio and other related brain structures Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is the key difference between modern human culture and the more basic mechanisms that underlie it?

The recency of the evolution of modern human culture Signup and view all the answers

According to Seyfarth & Cheney (2002), what is a key factor influencing an individual primate's survival and reproductive success?

Their ability to manipulate others within a complex social hierarchy. Signup and view all the answers

When measuring brain size in relation to social intelligence, which part of the brain was specifically examined in primate groups?

The neocortex. Signup and view all the answers

According to Dunbar (1992), what did the correlation between brain size and social group size predict for the maximum human group size?

150 individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors did Reader & Laland (2002) find to be correlated with brain size in primates?

Social learning and non-social intelligence (innovation, tool use). Signup and view all the answers

What factor did Joffe (1997) find to be correlated with brain size in primates?

The length of the immaturity period. Signup and view all the answers

What type of perception is discussed in Lin et al. (2008) and Masuda et al. (2008)?

Analytical perception Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cultural emotional 'dialects,' what is suggested by Elfenbein and Ambady?

Emotion is universal, but cultural differences affect display rules. Signup and view all the answers

According to Zhu et al. (2007), what term is used to describe cultural variations in emotional expression?

Cultural emotional dialects Signup and view all the answers

What study investigates the concept of 'Reading the mind in the eyes'?

Adams et al. (2009) Signup and view all the answers

In the research by Blais et al. (2008), what aspect of perception is compared?

Analytical vs. holistic perception Signup and view all the answers

'Cultural emotional dialects' refer to:

Emotional expressions varying across cultures Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary characteristic of culture?

It is a shared set of values, skills, artifacts, and beliefs amongst a group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and serotonin uptake?

The long (l/l) variant is associated with more serotonin uptake, while the short (s/s) variant is associated with less serotonin uptake. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Culture-Gene Co-evolutionary Theory, what is the relationship between culture and genes?

Culture and genes can co-evolve, with culture potentially influencing gene expression and vice versa. Signup and view all the answers

According to the study by Chiao and Ambady (2007), what was the observed relationship between cultural differences and 5-HTT expression?

Regions with higher collectivism had more individuals with the short (s/s) variant of 5-HTT. Signup and view all the answers

According to the study by Chiao and Blizinsky (2009), what was the observed relationship between individualism-collectivism and anxiety/mood disorders?

Higher levels of collectivism were associated with increased anxiety and mood disorders. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between culture and gene expression?

Culture and gene expression can influence each other in a bidirectional manner, as suggested by the Culture-Gene Co-evolutionary Theory. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding mirror neurons' response to actions?

Mirror neurons respond to actions that imply a specific intention or goal. Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential problem with mirror neurons across different species?

Different species vary significantly in their spontaneous ability to imitate and use tools, despite having mirror neurons. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the role of mirror neurons in imitation and tool use?

Mirror neurons are necessary but not sufficient for imitation and tool use abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential solution to understanding the differences in imitation and tool use abilities across species?

Examine the differences in brain structure and function between individuals within a species who can and cannot use tools. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is true about macaque monkeys?

Macaque monkeys require extensive training to use tools like rakes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential issue with interpreting certain behaviors in infant macaques as imitation?

The behaviors observed may be due to contagion rather than true imitation. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which facial feature is associated with the perception of a more aggressive expression?

Larger jaw Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Brooks and Freeman (2018), what was the relationship between the classification of a face as 'angry' and the perceived race of the face?

Faces perceived as Black were more likely to be classified as angry. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which of the following facial features is associated with the perception of a more timid expression?

Thinner eyes Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Dotsch et al. (2008), what was the relationship between high levels of prejudice and the internal visual representations of Moroccans?

High-prejudice perceivers had internal visual representations of Moroccans as more untrustworthy and criminal. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which of the following facial features is associated with the perception of a more female expression?

Rounder face Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Brooks and Freeman (2018), what was the relationship between the classification of a face as 'angry' and the actual race of the face?

There was no relationship between the actual race of the face and the classification of anger. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary reason for the recent questioning of the IAT as a predictor of social behavior?

The IAT only correlates with implicit behavior, not explicit behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does the research by Phelps et al. (2000) and Amodio et al. (2003) suggest about the role of the amygdala in racial prejudice?

Amygdala activity is not specific to race, but rather a general response to social novelty Signup and view all the answers

According to the research by Cunningham et al. (2004), what is the relationship between amygdala activation and exposure duration when viewing racial out-group faces?

Amygdala activation is greater for racial out-group faces only at short exposures, not long exposures Signup and view all the answers

What does the research by Van Bavel et al. (2008) suggest about the role of motivation in modulating amygdala activity in response to in-group and out-group members?

Amygdala activity is greater for novel in-group members compared to novel out-group members Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between culture and gene expression?

There is no clear relationship between culture and gene expression based on the information provided Signup and view all the answers

What is the main evolutionary pressure suggested in the text that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities?

The text does not provide information about the main evolutionary pressure that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of social categorization and stereotyping?

To provide an efficient way of organizing and storing information about people Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about social identity is true, based on the information provided?

The salience of different aspects of social identity can influence behavior and perceptions Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between social categorization and stereotyping?

Stereotyping is a consequence of social categorization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the 'Big Three' social categories?

They are gender, race, and age Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the automaticity of social categorization based on the 'Big Three' categories?

It is a spontaneous and obligatory process Signup and view all the answers

According to the studies discussed in the text, what is the relationship between priming different aspects of social identity and performance or attitudes?

The impact of priming depends on the specific aspect of social identity that is made salient Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary characteristic of the process involving in-group/out-group perceptions?

It involves a complex interplay of various cognitive and neural mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the Feed-Forward and Dynamic Interactive (DI) Models, as described in the text?

The Feed-Forward Model is a traditional view, while the DI Model is a more recent and comprehensive approach. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is a key factor that influences the formation of stereotypes and prejudices?

Knowledge of individuals and dissociable cognitive and emotional mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following social categories are explicitly mentioned in the text as contributing to the formation of stereotypes?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the example provided in the text, what type of stereotype is associated with the facial feature of a 'heavy brow'?

Male and aggressive. Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the primary distinction between top-down and bottom-up processes in perception?

Top-down processes rely on expectations and knowledge, while bottom-up processes rely on the stimulus itself. Signup and view all the answers

Which stereotype is NOT mentioned in the text as related to Asian individuals?

Outgoing Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT associated with Black stereotypes?

Intelligent Signup and view all the answers

In relation to visual perception, which trait is NOT influenced by stereotypes mentioned in the text?

Spacial Abilities Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided text, which of the following characteristics is NOT linked to White stereotypes?

Outgoing Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with female stereotypes based on visual perception?

High Spatial Abilities Signup and view all the answers

What is a common theme among stereotypes related to Black and Asian individuals?

'Threatening' trait association Signup and view all the answers

Cultural and Social Neuroscience

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

What is the main evolutionary pressure that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities?

What does the text suggest is too recent to have evolved modern human culture?

Which of the following can be found, to some degree, in other species besides humans?

What does the text suggest are the other benefits that arise from the pressure to be socially smarter?

What does the text suggest is the key difference between modern human culture and the more basic mechanisms that underlie it?

According to Seyfarth & Cheney (2002), what is a key factor influencing an individual primate's survival and reproductive success?

When measuring brain size in relation to social intelligence, which part of the brain was specifically examined in primate groups?

According to Dunbar (1992), what did the correlation between brain size and social group size predict for the maximum human group size?

Which of the following factors did Reader & Laland (2002) find to be correlated with brain size in primates?

What factor did Joffe (1997) find to be correlated with brain size in primates?

What type of perception is discussed in Lin et al. (2008) and Masuda et al. (2008)?

In the context of cultural emotional 'dialects,' what is suggested by Elfenbein and Ambady?

According to Zhu et al. (2007), what term is used to describe cultural variations in emotional expression?

What study investigates the concept of 'Reading the mind in the eyes'?

In the research by Blais et al. (2008), what aspect of perception is compared?

'Cultural emotional dialects' refer to:

According to the information provided, what is the primary characteristic of culture?

What is the relationship between the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and serotonin uptake?

According to the Culture-Gene Co-evolutionary Theory, what is the relationship between culture and genes?

According to the study by Chiao and Ambady (2007), what was the observed relationship between cultural differences and 5-HTT expression?

According to the study by Chiao and Blizinsky (2009), what was the observed relationship between individualism-collectivism and anxiety/mood disorders?

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between culture and gene expression?

Which of the following statements is true regarding mirror neurons' response to actions?

What is the potential problem with mirror neurons across different species?

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the role of mirror neurons in imitation and tool use?

What is a potential solution to understanding the differences in imitation and tool use abilities across species?

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is true about macaque monkeys?

What is the potential issue with interpreting certain behaviors in infant macaques as imitation?

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which facial feature is associated with the perception of a more aggressive expression?

In the study by Brooks and Freeman (2018), what was the relationship between the classification of a face as 'angry' and the perceived race of the face?

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which of the following facial features is associated with the perception of a more timid expression?

In the study by Dotsch et al. (2008), what was the relationship between high levels of prejudice and the internal visual representations of Moroccans?

According to the Dynamic Interactive (DI) Model, which of the following facial features is associated with the perception of a more female expression?

In the study by Brooks and Freeman (2018), what was the relationship between the classification of a face as 'angry' and the actual race of the face?

According to the information provided, what is the primary reason for the recent questioning of the IAT as a predictor of social behavior?

What does the research by Phelps et al. (2000) and Amodio et al. (2003) suggest about the role of the amygdala in racial prejudice?

According to the research by Cunningham et al. (2004), what is the relationship between amygdala activation and exposure duration when viewing racial out-group faces?

What does the research by Van Bavel et al. (2008) suggest about the role of motivation in modulating amygdala activity in response to in-group and out-group members?

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between culture and gene expression?

What is the main evolutionary pressure suggested in the text that drove the development of human intellectual capabilities?

What is the primary function of social categorization and stereotyping?

Which of the following statements about social identity is true, based on the information provided?

Based on the information provided, what can be inferred about the relationship between social categorization and stereotyping?

Which of the following is true about the 'Big Three' social categories?

What does the text suggest about the automaticity of social categorization based on the 'Big Three' categories?

According to the studies discussed in the text, what is the relationship between priming different aspects of social identity and performance or attitudes?

According to the information provided, what is the primary characteristic of the process involving in-group/out-group perceptions?

What is the primary distinction between the Feed-Forward and Dynamic Interactive (DI) Models, as described in the text?

According to the information provided, what is a key factor that influences the formation of stereotypes and prejudices?

Which of the following social categories are explicitly mentioned in the text as contributing to the formation of stereotypes?

Based on the example provided in the text, what type of stereotype is associated with the facial feature of a 'heavy brow'?

According to the information provided, what is the primary distinction between top-down and bottom-up processes in perception?

Which stereotype is NOT mentioned in the text as related to Asian individuals?

What characteristic is NOT associated with Black stereotypes?

In relation to visual perception, which trait is NOT influenced by stereotypes mentioned in the text?

Based on the provided text, which of the following characteristics is NOT linked to White stereotypes?

Which characteristic is NOT associated with female stereotypes based on visual perception?

What is a common theme among stereotypes related to Black and Asian individuals?

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