Cross-Cultural and Social Neuroscience Quiz

Questions and Answers

How does external surveillance impact intrinsic motivation?

It has no impact on intrinsic motivation.

It decreases intrinsic motivation. (correct)

It only affects intrinsic motivation when combined with guilt.

It significantly increases intrinsic motivation.

Which type of reward is most likely to enhance intrinsic motivation?

A physical reward given for completion.

A reward combined with external validation.

A reward based on performance. (correct)

A reward based on participation.

What does Self-Perception Theory suggest about how we understand our internal states?

They are solely determined by our emotions.

They do not change over time.

They are inferred from our behavior and the associated circumstances. (correct)

They are completely shaped by external feedback.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory posits that dissonance can be reduced in which of the following ways?

By altering one’s cognition, such as values or attitudes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a negative application of cognitive dissonance?

Implementing propaganda to manipulate beliefs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of cross-cultural research?

To determine if psychological processes are universal or culture-specific Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used in social neuroscience to correlate brain activity with social behavior?

Electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential requirement for ethical research involving human participants?

Approval from an Institutional Research Board (IRB) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'deception' refer to in the context of psychological research?

Participants are not made aware of the true purpose of the research Signup and view all the answers

What follows after an experiment to clarify the participants' experiences?

Debriefing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cross-Cultural Research

Research evaluates psychological processes across different cultures to identify universal principles or culture-specific behaviors.

Explores connections between biological processes and social behavior, using tools like EEG and fMRI to measure brain activity during social information processing.

Major priority is the health and welfare of participants through:
- Informed consent ensures participants are aware of the experiment's nature beforehand.
- Deception may occur, requiring post-experimental debriefing to explain the true purpose and alleviate any discomfort experienced.
- Institutional Review Boards (IRB) evaluate research for ethical standards and must approve studies before they commence.

Self-Understanding and Motivation

External factors can diminish intrinsic motivation:
- External surveillance and deadlines negatively impact intrinsic motivation.
- Internal motivators (guilt) are more effective for behavior change than external ones (shame).
Deci's theory indicates different rewards:
- Task-contingent rewards reduce intrinsic motivation.
- Performance-contingent rewards enhance intrinsic motivation.

Self-Perception Theory

Suggests individuals infer their internal states from their overt behavior when internal cues are unclear.

Social presence increases self-consciousness, influenced by the identity of others.
Social comparisons can uplift or depress mood based on the direction of the comparison.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Individuals strive to minimize inconsistencies between their cognitions, leading to discomfort known as cognitive dissonance.
Dissonance can be reduced by changing one's attitudes or beliefs regarding values and perspectives.

Applications of Cognitive Dissonance

Practical uses include weight loss motivation, promoting exercise among elderly, encouraging safe practices in students, and addressing anxiety in public speaking.

First Impressions

Initial impressions formed within 100 milliseconds can influence perceptions and decisions.
Political candidates' facial appearances correlate with election outcomes, demonstrating the power of thin-slicing.
Primacy effect highlights that first impressions shape subsequent interpretations.

Attribution Theory

Developed by Fritz Heider, it examines how we determine causes of others' behaviors:
- Internal attributions focus on personal characteristics.
- External attributions emphasize situational influences.

Covariation Model

Proposes that attributions are formed by considering the context and relationships surrounding events.

Cultural Influences on Attribution

Western cultures tend to display higher self-serving biases, attributing success to internal factors and failures to situational causes.
Collectivist cultures typically attribute failures to internal causes and demonstrate sensitivity to contextual behaviors.

Self-Concept Development

Self-recognition in humans starts around 18-24 months of age; influences overall self-concept.
High self-esteem fosters optimism and proactive behavior, while low self-esteem correlates with depression.
Narcissism combines excessive self-regard with empathy deficits, negatively impacting social and academic outcomes.

Theory of Mind (ToM)

Refers to the ability to understand that others have different thoughts and feelings.
Infants exhibit early theory of mind capabilities by predicting behavior based on understanding mental representations.

Description

Test your knowledge on cross-cultural research and social neuroscience. This quiz will explore how psychological processes differ across cultures and the biological underpinnings of social behavior. Dive into intriguing concepts like the effects of hormones and how they influence behavior across different cultural contexts.