Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which CSS property primarily controls the space between an element's content and its border?
Which CSS property primarily controls the space between an element's content and its border?
- z-index
- margin
- padding (correct)
- border-spacing
Which group of properties is most directly associated with controlling an element's size?
Which group of properties is most directly associated with controlling an element's size?
- height, width, max-width, min-height (correct)
- left, right, top, bottom
- margin, padding, border
- float, clear, position, visibility
Which CSS property affects whether an element flows along with other elements or is moved to the next line?
Which CSS property affects whether an element flows along with other elements or is moved to the next line?
- display
- float (correct)
- position
- overflow
What is the purpose of the z-index property in CSS?
What is the purpose of the z-index property in CSS?
Which of the following correctly sets the color of an element to blue using the RGB method?
Which of the following correctly sets the color of an element to blue using the RGB method?
Which of the following sets the color to hotpink using a hexadecimal color code?
Which of the following sets the color to hotpink using a hexadecimal color code?
Given an HTML element, which CSS property would you use to remove bullets from an unordered list?
Given an HTML element, which CSS property would you use to remove bullets from an unordered list?
Which of the following properties can be used to add a custom image as a list marker?
Which of the following properties can be used to add a custom image as a list marker?
Which of the following is NOT a valid location for CSS style rules?
Which of the following is NOT a valid location for CSS style rules?
Which style location method overrides all other style definitions for the properties used?
Which style location method overrides all other style definitions for the properties used?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of CSS in web development?
Which of the following best describes the primary function of CSS in web development?
What is a primary disadvantage of using embedded styles in multiple HTML documents?
What is a primary disadvantage of using embedded styles in multiple HTML documents?
Which method of applying CSS is most recommended for maintainability across a large website?
Which method of applying CSS is most recommended for maintainability across a large website?
Which of the following is NOT a direct benefit of using CSS for styling a website, compared to using HTML alone?
Which of the following is NOT a direct benefit of using CSS for styling a website, compared to using HTML alone?
A developer wants to apply a specific style to all <p> elements only within a <div> with the ID 'content'. Which CSS selector is the MOST efficient and specific to use?
A developer wants to apply a specific style to all <p> elements only within a <div> with the ID 'content'. Which CSS selector is the MOST efficient and specific to use?
How does using external style sheets potentially improve website performance?
How does using external style sheets potentially improve website performance?
A website uses a centralized CSS file. After making changes to the CSS, some elements on one specific page are not updating to reflect the new styles. What is the MOST likely reason for this?
A website uses a centralized CSS file. After making changes to the CSS, some elements on one specific page are not updating to reflect the new styles. What is the MOST likely reason for this?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of CSS selectors?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of CSS selectors?
Which approach to including CSS is MOST appropriate for styling a single, unique element differently from all other elements of the same type on a webpage?
Which approach to including CSS is MOST appropriate for styling a single, unique element differently from all other elements of the same type on a webpage?
What can CSS selectors be used to select?
What can CSS selectors be used to select?
Consider the following CSS rule: p { margin: 10px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; }. According to the CSS box model, what is the total width that this paragraph will occupy assuming its content has a width of 100px?
Consider the following CSS rule: p { margin: 10px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; }. According to the CSS box model, what is the total width that this paragraph will occupy assuming its content has a width of 100px?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the use of RGBA values in CSS?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the use of RGBA values in CSS?
You need to quickly test a style change on a single HTML element without affecting other elements. Which styling method is most suitable?
You need to quickly test a style change on a single HTML element without affecting other elements. Which styling method is most suitable?
How does CSS contribute to making websites more accessible?
How does CSS contribute to making websites more accessible?
What does the em unit in CSS represent?
What does the em unit in CSS represent?
When should absolute units of measurement be avoided in CSS?
When should absolute units of measurement be avoided in CSS?
What is the primary advantage of using external CSS files for web development?
What is the primary advantage of using external CSS files for web development?
How does the meaning of the px unit differ between CSS2 and CSS3?
How does the meaning of the px unit differ between CSS2 and CSS3?
Which CSS unit is most suitable for setting font sizes to maintain proportions relative to the parent element's font size?
Which CSS unit is most suitable for setting font sizes to maintain proportions relative to the parent element's font size?
In the context of CSS units, what does the % unit rely on to determine its computed value?
In the context of CSS units, what does the % unit rely on to determine its computed value?
Which of the following units is specifically related to the x-height of a font?
Which of the following units is specifically related to the x-height of a font?
What is the primary purpose of the ch unit in CSS?
What is the primary purpose of the ch unit in CSS?
Which selector type is most suitable for removing default browser inconsistencies like margins and font sizes across different elements?
Which selector type is most suitable for removing default browser inconsistencies like margins and font sizes across different elements?
What is the primary benefit of using grouped selectors in CSS?
What is the primary benefit of using grouped selectors in CSS?
Which of the following is the correct syntax to select all <h2> and <p> elements and set their text color to blue?
Which of the following is the correct syntax to select all <h2> and <p> elements and set their text color to blue?
If you want to apply a specific style only to elements with a certain class, which type of selector should you use?
If you want to apply a specific style only to elements with a certain class, which type of selector should you use?
What is the purpose of a CSS reset stylesheet?
What is the purpose of a CSS reset stylesheet?
Which selector would you use to target every HTML element on a page?
Which selector would you use to target every HTML element on a page?
In CSS, what is a 'declaration block'?
In CSS, what is a 'declaration block'?
Using CSS, how would you select all <div> elements on a webpage and set their background color to lightgray?
Using CSS, how would you select all <div> elements on a webpage and set their background color to lightgray?
In CSS, what primary purpose does the 'cascade' serve when handling styles?
In CSS, what primary purpose does the 'cascade' serve when handling styles?
Which of the following is NOT one of the core cascade principles used by CSS to manage conflicting styles?
Which of the following is NOT one of the core cascade principles used by CSS to manage conflicting styles?
How does the concept of 'inheritance' function within the CSS cascade?
How does the concept of 'inheritance' function within the CSS cascade?
Which set of CSS properties are generally considered inheritable?
Which set of CSS properties are generally considered inheritable?
Consider a scenario where an author-created stylesheet and a user-defined stylesheet both specify different font sizes for the same paragraph element. According to the cascade, how does the browser determine which font size to apply?
Consider a scenario where an author-created stylesheet and a user-defined stylesheet both specify different font sizes for the same paragraph element. According to the cascade, how does the browser determine which font size to apply?
Which of the following analogies best represents how the CSS cascade functions in resolving style conflicts?
Which of the following analogies best represents how the CSS cascade functions in resolving style conflicts?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between inheritance and specificity within the CSS cascade?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between inheritance and specificity within the CSS cascade?
Why is understanding the CSS cascade important for web developers?
Why is understanding the CSS cascade important for web developers?
Flashcards
What is CSS?
What is CSS?
CSS is a standard for describing the presentation of HTML elements.
CSS Capabilities
CSS Capabilities
CSS allows you to control font properties, colors, sizes, element positions, and more.
CSS as a Language
CSS as a Language
CSS has its own syntax rules. It defines how styles are applied to HTML.
CSS Placement
CSS Placement
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Formatting Control
Formatting Control
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Maintainability
Maintainability
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Accessibility
Accessibility
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Download Speed
Download Speed
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CSS Padding
CSS Padding
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CSS Margin
CSS Margin
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CSS Height
CSS Height
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CSS Max-height
CSS Max-height
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CSS Max-width
CSS Max-width
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CSS Bottom Property
CSS Bottom Property
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CSS Display Property
CSS Display Property
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CSS Color Values
CSS Color Values
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Element Selector
Element Selector
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Universal Element Selector
Universal Element Selector
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Declaration
Declaration
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Rule
Rule
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Declaration Block
Declaration Block
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Grouped Selectors
Grouped Selectors
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CSS Reset
CSS Reset
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Class Selectors
Class Selectors
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CSS Style Locations
CSS Style Locations
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Inline Styles
Inline Styles
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Embedded Style Sheet
Embedded Style Sheet
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External Style Sheet
External Style Sheet
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Why use External Style Sheet
Why use External Style Sheet
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Selectors Definition
Selectors Definition
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CSS Selectors types
CSS Selectors types
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RGBa
RGBa
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HSL
HSL
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Relative Units
Relative Units
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px (Pixel)
px (Pixel)
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em
em
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% (Percentage)
% (Percentage)
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ex
ex
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ch
ch
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CSS Conflict Resolution
CSS Conflict Resolution
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Cascade in CSS
Cascade in CSS
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Cascade Principles
Cascade Principles
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Inheritance (CSS)
Inheritance (CSS)
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Inheritable Properties
Inheritable Properties
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Non-Inheritable Properties
Non-Inheritable Properties
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Specificity
Specificity
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Location
Location
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Study Notes
What is CSS?
- CSS is a W3C standard for describing the presentation (or appearance) of HTML elements.
- CSS is a language with its own syntax rules
- CSS can be added directly to HTML elements via the style attribute, within the
<head>element, most commonly, in a separate text file containing only CSS. - CSS provides better formatting control than HTML.
- Websites become significantly more maintainable because all formatting is centralized into CSS files.
- CSS-driven sites are more accessible.
- CSS enables quicker downloads by reducing markup in HTML files
- CSS can adapt pages for different output mediums
CSS Syntax
- A CSS document consists of one or more style rules
- A rule includes the
selectoridentifying the HTML element(s), followed bypropertyandvaluepairs, calleddeclaration. - The series of declarations is called the
declaration block. - Declaration blocks can be on a single line or spread across multiple lines
- Browsers ignore white space
- Each declaration is terminated with a semicolon
Selectors and Properties
- Every CSS rule begins with a
selectorthat identifies HTML elements that are affected by the declaration - Selectors are patterns used by the browser to select HTML elements to style.
- Each individual CSS declaration must contain a
property. - Property names are predefined by the CSS standard.
- CSS 2.1 defines over a hundred different property names
- Each CSS declaration also contains a
valuefor the property. - The unit of any given
valuedepends upon theproperty. - Some property values are from a predefined list of keywords.
- Other values include length measurements, percentages, unitless numbers, color values, and URLs
CSS Properties
- Common CSS properties include: fonts, text, color and background, borders, spacing, sizing, layout, and lists
Color Values
- Color names: Use one of 17 standard color names; CSS3 has 140
- RGB: Uses three numbers between 0-255 to specify color values
- Hexadecimal: Uses a six-digit hexadecimal number to describe the red, green, and blue value of the color; each of the three RGB values is between 0 and FF
- RGBa: Adds an alpha (transparency) value; transparency ranges from 0.0 to 1.0
- HSL: Uses the Hue Saturation and Light values to specify a color
Units of Measurement
- Relative units are based on the value of something else, like a parent element's size
- Absolute units have a real-world size
Relative Units
- px: In CSS2, relative unit; in CSS3, absolute unit equal to 1/96 of an inch
- em: Equal to font-size property value of the element used; with font sizes, the unit is in relation to the parent
- %: Always relative to another value; meaning varies based on the property
- ex: Expresses size in relation to the x-height of an element's font
- ch: Expresses size in relation to the width of an element's font
- rem: Font size of the root element; unlike em, rem is constant
- vw, vh: Viewport width and height; percentage values (0-100) of browser window size; allow item to change size when the viewport is resized
Absolute Units
- in: Inches
- cm: Centimeters
- mm: Millimeters
- pt: Points (equal to 1/72 of an inch)
- pc: Pica (equal to 1/6 of an inch)
Comments
- Comments in CSS files look like this:
/* comment goes here */ - Comments help locate related style rules together or hide rules temporarily
Location of Styles
- Author-created style sheets are what is used in this presentation
- User style sheets allow the user to tell the browser how to display pages using a custom style sheet; usually in accessibility options
- The browser style sheet defines default styles a browser uses for each HTML element
Options
- Inline: style rules within an HTML element via the style attribute
- Embedded: style rules placed within the
<style>element inside the<head>element - External: style rules placed within a CSS file with the
.cssextension - CSS style rules can be located in the following ways: inline, embedded, or external, and you can combine all three
- Inline styles only affect the element defined within and will override any other style definitions for the properties used in the inline style
- Inline styles are generally discouraged because they increase bandwidth and decrease maintainability; inline styles can however be handy for quick testing
- Embedded styles are better than inline styles but discouraged
- Embedding each HTML document with a
<style>element makes it harder to consistently style multiple documents - External style sheets are the most common place to locate style rules
Selectors
Types
- CSS selectors allow you to select individual elements, multiple HTML elements, elements that belong together, or elements positioned in the document hierarchy
- The universal element selector selects all elements and is the * (asterisk) character
- Element Selectors selects all of the HTML elements
- Grouped Selectors selects a group of elements by separating different element names with commas
- Grouped selectors are a way to reduce the size and complexity of CSS files by combining multiple identical rules into a single rule
- Class Selectors allows you to simultaneously target different HTML elements regardless of their position in the document tree
- Id Selectors allows you to target a specific element by its id attribute regardless of its type or position; use an id only once per page
- Id selectors are used when referencing a single HTML element, because an id attribute can only be assigned to a single HTML element
- Class selectors are used when referencing several related elements
- Attribute Selectors can select HTML elements by the presence of an element attribute, or its value; helpful in styling hyperlinks and images
- Pseudo-element Selectors select something that does not exist explicitly as an element in the HTML document tree by targeting link states
- Contextual Selectors (or combinators) can select elements based on their ancestors, descendants, or siblings; elements are selected by their context or in relation to other elements in the document tree
Descendent Selectors
- A
descendent selectormatches all elements that are contained within another element - Descendant selection is indicated by the space character
Contextual Selectors
- Descendant
- Matches: A specified element that is contained somewhere within another specified element
- Example:
div pselects a paragraph element contained somewhere within adivelement (can be any descendant, not just child)
- Child
- Matches: A specified element that is a direct child of a specified element
- Example:
div>h2selects an h2 element that is a child of adivelement
- Adjacent Sibling
- Matches: A specified element that is the next sibling
- Example:
h3+pselects the first paragraph after any h3
- General Sibling
- Matches: A specified element that shares the same parent
- Example:
h3~pselects all the paragraph elements that share the same parent as the h3
The Cascade
- The term “cascade” refers to the process of how conflicting rules are handled
- CSS resolves conflicts between style rules using: inheritance; specificity; location
Inheritance
- CSS properties affect not only themselves but their descendants
Font,color,list, andtextproperties are inheritableLayout,sizing,border,backgroundandspacingproperties are not- It is possible to instruct elements to inherit properties normally not inheritable
Specificity
- Specificity determines which style applies when more than one style rule could apply to the same element.
- The more specific the selector, the more it takes precedence (i.e., overrides the previous definition)
- The browser assigns a weight to each rule; the one with the greater weight has precedence
Specificity Algorithm
- If the declaration is from a 'style' attribute in the HTML, count 1, otherwise 0 (a)
- Count the number of ID attributes in the selector (b)
- Count the number of other attributes and pseudo-classes in the selector (c)
- Count the number of element names and pseudo-elements in the selector (d)
- Concatenate the four numbers abcd for a value
Location
- When inheritance and specificity do not determine style precedence
- The latest rules declared have more weight
The Box Model
- In CSS, all HTML elements exist within an
element boxwith the following properties:- Background - fills an element out to its border
- Background properties -background: shorthand property to set combined background values in one property -background-attachment: specifies whether the background image scrolls with document or remains fixed; values are fixed and scroll -background-color: sets background color of the element -background-image: specifies background image for the element; URL is relative to the CSS file -background-position: specifies the position of the element; values include bottom, center, left, right -background-repeat: determines whether the background image repeats; values include repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y, and no-repeat, -background-size: new to CSS3, allows adjustment of the background image size
- Borders - visually separates elements
-Border properties
-border: shorthand property to set style, width, and color of a border (in that order)
-border-style: specifies the line type of border; values are solid, dotted, dashed, double, groove, ridge, inset, and outset, *border-width: specifies width of border in a unit, with support for keywords like
thinormedium. -border-color: specifies color -border-radius: the radius of a rounded corner -border-image: the url of a image to use as border - Margins -Space why they will cause you trouble -Vertical margins of two elements can collapse
- Background - fills an element out to its border
Width and height
The width and height properties specify the size of the element's content area.
- Potential Problem #1
Only block-level elements and non-text in-line elements such as images have a width and height that you can specify.
By default the width of and height of elements is the actual size of the content.
- For text,this is determined by the font size and font face; -For images, the width and height of the actual image in pixels determines the element box's dimensions.
Sizing Elements
Designers prefer to percentages or em for widths and heights. -When you use percentages, the size is relative to the size of the parent element. -When you use ems, the size of the box is relative to the size of the text size.
Text Styling
- font properties affect the font and its appearance
- paragraph properties affect texts regardless of the font being used
Font-Family
- It’s conventional to supply a
web font stack,that is, a series of alternate fonts to use in case the original font choice is not on the user's computer
@font-face
- Over the past few years, the most recent browser versions have begun to support the @font-face selector in CSS.
- This selector allows you to use a font on your site even if it is not installed on the end user's computer. Due to the on-going popularity of open source font sites such as Google Web Fonts and Font Squirrel, @font-face seems to have gained a critical mass of widespread usage.
Font Sizes
- Use relative units such as em units or percentages for our font sizes Remember that percents and em units are relative to their parents, so if the parent font size changes, this affects all of its contents.
the rem unit
CSS3 now supports a new relative measure,the rem (for root em unit).
- This unit is always relative to the size of the root element (i.e., the element). However, since Internet Explorer prior to version 9 do not support the rem units, you need to provide some type of fallback for those browsers.
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