CSS: Cascading Style Sheets

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of CSS in web development?

  • To execute client-side scripts and handle user interactions.
  • To define the structure and content of web pages.
  • To manage server-side operations and databases.
  • To simplify the process of making web pages presentable. (correct)

Which aspect of HTML documents does CSS primarily define?

  • The layout (correct)
  • The functionality
  • The content
  • The structure

Which of the following is a key advantage of using external CSS files?

  • They are directly embedded within HTML documents.
  • They override all other styling methods for consistency.
  • They reduce website loading speed due to increased file size.
  • They enable changing the appearance and layout of multiple pages by editing one file. (correct)

What is the correct order of precedence for CSS styles when multiple types are applied to the same element?

<p>Inline CSS, Internal CSS, External CSS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about inline CSS?

<p>It overrides styles defined in external and internal CSS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CSS syntax, what does a 'selector' refer to?

<p>The HTML element to which a style is applied. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a CSS declaration specifies the visual characteristic you are adjusting?

<p>The property (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using external CSS for styling web pages?

<p>It allows for easier updates and maintenance across multiple pages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct HTML syntax for linking to an external CSS file?

<p><code>&lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; type=&quot;text/css&quot; href=&quot;styles.css&quot;&gt;</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of targeting HTML elements in CSS is ideal for applying styles to a single, unique element?

<p>ID (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CSS, how do you select all <h1> elements on a page to apply a style?

<p><code>h1 { ... }</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you apply a style to a group of elements using CSS?

<p>By using the '.' symbol followed by a class name assigned to the elements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you want to apply multiple CSS classes to a single HTML element, how should the class names be specified in the HTML?

<p>Separated by spaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the same CSS rules be applied to multiple selectors?

<p>By listing the selectors separated by commas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the space between selectors in a CSS rule (e.g., div h1) indicate?

<p>A hierarchical relationship, targeting <code>&lt;h1&gt;</code> elements within <code>&lt;div&gt;</code> elements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to change the background color of an element?

<p>background-color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you set an image as the background of an HTML element using CSS?

<p><code>background-image: url('image.jpg');</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property controls the repetition of a background image?

<p>background-repeat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the background-attachment: fixed; property do?

<p>Fixes the background image so it does not scroll with the page content. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property defines the starting position of a background image?

<p>background-position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to set the color of text?

<p>color (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to specify the font for text?

<p>font-family (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property controls the size of text?

<p>font-size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you make text appear in italics using CSS?

<p>font-style: italic; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property is used to make the font appear bolder?

<p>font-weight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property controls the transformation of text to uppercase or lowercase?

<p>text-transform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property prevents text from wrapping to the next line?

<p>white-space (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to control the spacing between words?

<p>word-spacing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property adjusts the space between characters in a text?

<p>letter-spacing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to set the distance between lines of text?

<p>line-height (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the CSS float property primarily control?

<p>The position of an element to the left or right of its container, allowing text to wrap around it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the model where every HTML element is treated as a box?

<p>The Box Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the CSS box model, what is the space between the element's content and its border called?

<p>Padding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property defines the space outside the border of an element?

<p>margin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property controls the space between the border and the content of an element?

<p>padding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to define the style of the border?

<p>border-style (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you specify an image as a list item marker?

<p>list-style-image: url('image.gif'); (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property determines whether the list marker appears inside or outside the content box?

<p>list-style-position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which CSS property is used to control the transparency of an image?

<p>opacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property is used for rounded corners on images?

<p>border-radius (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the CSS position: sticky; property?

<p>To position an element based on the user's scroll position, toggling between relative and fixed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In CSS, what does the z-index property control?

<p>The stacking order of elements that overlap. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is CSS?

CSS is a design language that presents web pages in a simplified and presentable manner.

Basic parts of a CSS rule

A CSS rule consists of a selector and one or more declarations.

Inline CSS

Applies CSS directly within HTML tags.

Internal CSS

CSS added inside the tag of a single HTML page.

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External CSS

CSS stored in separate .css files, linked to HTML.

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Targeting by Tag Name

Selects HTML elements by their tag name.

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Targeting by ID

Selects a specific, unique element by its ID attribute.

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Targeting By Class

Selects a group of elements by their class attribute.

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Background-color

The property that specifies the background color

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CSS Font Properties

The family, boldness, size, and style of a text.

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Font Color

The color of the Font.

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CSS Text properties

Controls spacing, decoration, alignment of text.

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Text Decoration

Sets or removes decorations from text.

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CSS Float Property

Defines that an element should be taken out of the normal flow.

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CSS Box Model

A box that wraps around every HTML element.

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CSS Padding

Space between element border and content.

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CSS Border

Style and color around element's content.

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CSS Margin

Space around elements.

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List Item Markers

Square ,disc ,circle, none etc.

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Style Images

opacity ,border-radius ,margin-left ,margin-right and center etc.

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CSS Positioning

An element can be positioned based on user, and browser.

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CSS Layers

Which Item will appear on top. Each item given priority.

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Study Notes

  • CSS, or Cascading Style Sheets, is a simple design language used to simplify making web pages presentable
  • CSS defines the layout of HTML documents, covering fonts, colors, margins, lines, height, width, and background images

Importance and Advantages of CSS

  • CSS defines how HTML elements are displayed
  • Styles are typically saved in external .css files
  • External style sheets facilitate changing the appearance and layout of all website pages by editing a single file
  • CSS improves website presentation, makes updates easier and faster, and helps web pages load faster

Disadvantages of CSS

  • Browser dependent

Basic Syntax of CSS

  • CSS rules consist of a selector and one or more declarations
  • Selectors can be HTML elements, IDs, or classes
  • Each declaration includes a property and a value, where the property is the style attribute to be changed and the value is the new setting

Ways to Write CSS

  • There are three way to style sheets:
  • Inline
  • Internal/Embedded
  • External

Inline Styles

  • CSS can be placed directly in your HTML code, known as inline CSS
  • Inline CSS has the highest priority over external and internal CSS
  • Inline CSS can override styles defined externally or internally
  • To add a style inside an HTML element, specify CSS properties with the style HTML attribute
  • Example: <p style="background: blue; color: white;"> My Inline CSS</p>

Internal Style Sheet

  • Internal CSS is specific to a single web page
  • To use internal CSS, add a <style> tag inside the <head> tag.
  • Example: 
    <html>
<head>
<style type="text/css">
p{ color: red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p>Your page's content!</p>
</body>
</html>

External Style Sheet

  • It's preferable to keep CSS separate from HTML
  • Saving CSS in a separate file lets web designers differentiate between content (HTML) and design
  • External CSS files contain only CSS code and have a ".css" extension

Advantages of External Style Sheets

  • Website design and content remain separate
  • Makes it easier to reuse CSS code across multiple pages by referencing a single file with the link tag
  • Drastic changes can be made to a website by altering a single CSS file

Targeting Using CSS

  • CSS can be targeted by:
  • Tag name
  • ID
  • Class

Targeting by Tag Name

  • Tag names specify styles for specific tags
  • Style rules are applied to elements with the corresponding tag

The “id” Selector

  • The id selector specifies a style for a single, unique element
  • The ID selector uses the ID attribute of the HTML element, defined with a "#" in CSS

The “class” Selector

  • The class selector specifies a style for a group of elements
  • The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, defined with a "." in CSS

Assigning Multiple Classes

  • Different classes can be assigned to the same HTML element by separating class names with spaces in the class attribute

Multiple Selection

  • The same CSS can be applied to multiple selectors by using comma-separated lists

Multi-level Selection

  • Hierarchical paths are used to target HTML elements by space-separated element/class/ID names

Background Properties

  • Properties include:
  • Background color (background-color)
  • Background image (background-image)
  • Background image repeat (background-repeat)
  • Fixed background image (background-attachment)
  • Background image positioning (background-position)
  • The background-color property specifies the background color of an element
  • The background color of a page is defined in the body selector
  • The background-image property specifies an image for the background of an element
  • Background images can be set to repeat vertically (y-axis), horizontally (x-axis), in both directions, or not at all
  • The background-attachment property sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page
  • The background-position property sets the starting position of a background image

CSS Font

  • Font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and style of a text The properties include:

  • Font color (color)

  • Font family (font-family)

  • Font size (font-size)

  • Font style (font-style)

  • Font weight (font-weight)

  • Font variant (font-variant)

  • Set the text color for different elements using:

    h4 {
color: red;
}

  • Set the font family of a text with the font-family property:

    h4 {
font-family: sans-serif;
}

  • The font-size property sets the size of the text.

    h4 {
font-size: 120%;
font-size: 10px;
font-size: small;
font-size: smaller;
font-size: x-small;
font-size: xx-small;
font-size: large;
font-size: larger;
font-size: x-large;
font-size: xx-large;
font-size: medium;
}

  • The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text:

    h4 {
font-style: italic;
}

  • The font-weight property sets how thick or thin characters should be displayed:

    h4 {
font-weight: 300;
font-weight: bolder;
font-weight: lighter;
}

  • The font-variant property specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in a small-caps font:

    h4 {
font-variant: small-caps;
caps;
}
    • Font-variant: small caps

CSS Text Properties

  • CSS Text controls the spacing, decoration, and alignment of text

  • Properties include:

  • Text decoration (text-decoration)

  • Text indent (text-indent)

  • Text align (text-align)

  • Text transform (text-transform)

  • While Space (white-space)

  • Word spacing (word-spacing)

  • Letter spacing (letter-spacing)

  • Line height (line-height)

  • The text-decoration property sets or removes decorations from text, often underlines from links

    h4 {
text-decoration: line-through;
text-decoration: overline;
text-decoration: underline;
}

  • Defines indentation of the first line of text:

    h4 {
text-indent: 20px;
text-indent: 30%;
}

  • Sets horizontal alignment of text content:

    h4 {
text-align: right;
text-align: justify;
text-align: left;
text-align: center;
}

  • Specifies transform to uppercase or lowercase letters in a text:

    h4 {
text-transform: capitalize;
text-transform: uppercase;
text-transform: ;
}

  • The white-space attribute prevents text from wrapping until you designate a break:

    h4 {
white-space: nowrap;
}

  • Allows the spacing value between the words:

    h4{
word-spacing: 10px;
}

  • Allows the spacing values between the letters

    h4{
letter-spacing: 3px;
}

  • Allows the height value of a line in a page

    h4{
line-height: 10px;
}

CSS Float Property

  • The CSS float property takes an element out of the document's normal flow and places it on the left or right side of its containing block, allowing text and inline elements to wrap around it

The Box Model

  • All HTML elements are considered boxes in CSS, with the box model referring to design and layout
  • The CSS box model surrounds HTML elements and consists of margins, borders, padding, and the actual content

CSS Padding

  • CSS padding properties define the space between the element border and the element content
  • Top, right, bottom, and left padding can be changed independently
  • A shorthand padding property can change all padding at once

CSS Border

  • CSS border properties specify the style and color of an element's border
  • The border-style property defines the kind of border
  • The border-width property sets the width of the border
  • Border color is set with the border-color property, using RGB, hexadecimal, or key terms
  • The top, right, bottom, and left borders can be changed independently

CSS Margin

  • CSS margin properties define the space around elements
  • Top, right, bottom, and left margins can be changed independently
  • A shorthand margin property can also be used, to change all margins at once

Styling Lists

  • CSS is utilized for styling the list item markers, using an image as a list item marker and defining position of the marker

Style Images

  • Many properties for images, such as:
  • opacity
  • border-radius
  • margin-left, margin-right to be auto and display to be block (to make it aligned center)
  • max-width to be 100% and height to be auto (to make it responsive)
  • filter: blur, brightness, contrast, drop-shadow, grayscale etc...
  • etc...

CSS Positioning

  • Positioning HTML elements with specific locations using:
  • Absolute positioning
  • Relative positioning
  • Fixed positioning
  • Sticky positioning

CSS Layers

  • CSS controls which item appears on top using layers
  • In CSS, each element is given a priority
  • When overlapping, the higher priority element appears on top
  • Priority can be manually set with the z-index value, where a larger value means, higher priority

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