Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of organism is classified as a Platyhelminth?
Which type of organism is classified as a Platyhelminth?
Which of the following vectors belongs to the group Arachnida?
Which of the following vectors belongs to the group Arachnida?
What is a distinguishing feature of Nematodes?
What is a distinguishing feature of Nematodes?
Which of these steps is NOT commonly associated with the life cycle of parasitic worms?
Which of these steps is NOT commonly associated with the life cycle of parasitic worms?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as an insect vector?
Which of the following is NOT classified as an insect vector?
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Which group of eukaryotic agents includes organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually?
Which group of eukaryotic agents includes organisms that can reproduce both sexually and asexually?
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Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction observed in eukaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction observed in eukaryotes?
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What type of cell wall do fungi possess?
What type of cell wall do fungi possess?
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In the process of meiosis, what is produced?
In the process of meiosis, what is produced?
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What characteristic is typical of arthropod vectors?
What characteristic is typical of arthropod vectors?
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Which type of protozoan is non-motile?
Which type of protozoan is non-motile?
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Which fungi can assume two forms during their growth depending on conditions?
Which fungi can assume two forms during their growth depending on conditions?
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What process allows fungi to absorb nutrients?
What process allows fungi to absorb nutrients?
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What role do fungi play in the ecosystem besides causing diseases?
What role do fungi play in the ecosystem besides causing diseases?
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Which of the following characteristics is unique to protozoa?
Which of the following characteristics is unique to protozoa?
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Which statement about the sexual reproduction of fungi is accurate?
Which statement about the sexual reproduction of fungi is accurate?
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What is the term for the fragile stage of many protozoa's life cycle?
What is the term for the fragile stage of many protozoa's life cycle?
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Which of the following is a primary function of fungi in relation to plants?
Which of the following is a primary function of fungi in relation to plants?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course title: CSF-6250 Integrative Pathophysiology & Biomechanics in Health Care 2
- Module: Microbes in Human Health and Disease
- Unit: Fungi, Parasites, and Vectors
Unit 4 Objectives
- List the three groups of eukaryotic agents of infectious diseases and recognize features typical for each group
- Differentiate vectors from etiologic agents of infectious diseases
- Recognize forms of asexual reproduction in microorganisms
Lesson 1: Introduction
- Images of various microbes (ticks, worms, etc.) are shown
The Scope of Medical Microbiology
- Classification of microbes into cellular and a-cellular categories
- Cellular microbes broken down into prokaryotes and eukaryotes (further subdivided)
- Eukaryotic microbes: helminths, fungi, protozoa (examples shown)
- Arthropods are included as disease vectors.
- A-cellular microbes (viruses, viroids, and prions)
Reproduction in Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic reproduction is more complex and variable than in prokaryotes
- Many fungi and protozoa reproduce both sexually and asexually
- Asexual reproduction in eukaryotes occurs through mitosis
- Binary fission (similar to bacteria)
- Budding (different cells are produced)
- Schizogony: asexual reproduction in which the nucleus divides multiple times before the cytoplasm divides (example, malaria)
Reproduction in Eukaryotes: Sexual reproduction
- Meiosis is used for gamete formation
- Genetic variability occurs during meiosis where 'maternal' and 'paternal' chromosomes are randomly reassorted into new sets
- Genes recombine through "cross-over" process
Lesson 2: Fungi
- Fungi play roles in decomposition, nutrient cycling, and causing plant, animal, and human diseases.
- Fungi can also damage food items (e.g., fruit, pickles), and be used in food production (e.g., beer, bread, cheese) and also be used in drug production (e.g., antibiotics)
- Fungi are important research tools.
Morphology of Fungi
- Filamentous growth (hyphae) or single yeast cells (may form chains called pseudo-hyphae.)
- Some fungi are dimorphic (change between filamentous and yeast forms depending on environmental conditions).
- Images of fungal structures are shown (septate hyphae, aseptate hyphae, yeast cells, fungal mycelium)
Nutrition/Growth of Fungi
- Cell walls are made of chitin
- Fungi absorb nutrients after releasing lytic enzymes
- Most are saprobes (feed on dead organisms)
- Some derive nutrients from living plants and animals, or kill nematodes.
- Most fungi are aerobic; some yeasts are facultative anaerobes (can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation).
- Some fungi can consume ionizing radiation as an energy source, too.
Reproduction in Fungi
- Fungi reproduce asexually via various methods (budding, spore formation).
- Asexual spores are often formed in molds
- Fungi can also reproduce sexually. Sexual reproduction involves mating types (+ and −) which are morphologically indistinguishable.
- Sexual reproduction occurs via meiosis and the formation of a zygote from haploid cells. Sexual reproduction is not as important in pathogenic fungi.
Lesson 3: Parasites and Vectors
- Images of parasites and vectors are shown
Parasites
- Classification of parasites from a biological point of view.
- Focus on eukaryotes (animal-like)
- Include helminths, fungi, and protozoa
Protozoa
- Diverse group of unicellular eukaryotes.
- Three key characteristics: eukaryotic, unicellular, and lack cell walls.
- Movement mechanisms (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia)
- Includes examples like Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and Giardia.
Diverse Morphology of Protozoa
- Micrographs & images showcase diverse protozoan morphologies
- Examples include Entamoeba, Trypanosoma, Balantidium, and Giardia.
Typical Life Cycle of Many Protozoa
- Protozoa can exist in two forms: trophozoite (active, feeding) and cyst (dormant, resting form).
- Cysts can survive harsh environments and aid in transmission.
Parasitic Helminths
- Parasitic worms are important because they have microscopic infective and diagnostic stages in their life cycles.
- Some species require an intermediate host
- Examples of helminths include: Flatworms (Platyhelminths) and roundworms (Nematodes)
- Examples of platyhelminthes are beef tapeworm and liver fluke.
- Examples of nematodes include hookworm and pinworm
Examples of Platyhelminthes/Nematodes
- Specific examples of flatworms (e.g., beef tapeworm, liver flukes) and roundworms (e.g., hookworm, pinworm) are included.
- Micrographic images of diagnostic stages are provided.
Disease Vectors
- Vectors are living organisms that transmit infectious agents
- Two major groups of arthropods: Arachnida (mites, ticks) and Insecta (lice, fleas, flies, mosquitoes).
Arachnid Vectors
- Ticks and mites are covered
Insect Vectors
- Lice, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, bugs are covered.
Summary
- Reproduction of eukaryotic microbes
- Fungi, protozoa, helminths, and arthropod vectors.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the eukaryotic agents of infectious diseases, their vectors, and asexual reproduction in microorganisms. This quiz covers crucial concepts from the Microbes in Human Health and Disease module, focusing on fungi, parasites, and vectors. Get ready to differentiate and classify various microbes and their roles in health care!
