CSC 102 Introduction to Computing

Study Notes

Core concepts include problem identification, types of problems (routine vs. non-routine), and problem-solving methods.
Introduction to algorithms and heuristics as foundational techniques for solving computing problems.
Distinction between solvable and unsolvable problems.
Various solution techniques: abstraction, analogy, brainstorming, trial and error, hypothesis testing, reduction, literal thinking, means-end analysis, method of focal object, morphological analysis, research, root cause analysis, proof, and divide and conquer.
General problem-solving process and methods for solution formulation and design, including flowcharts, pseudocode, decision tables, and decision trees.
Programming in languages such as C++ and Python is emphasized.

Computing refers to using computer technology to perform tasks involving the design, development, and use of computer systems, software, and networks for data processing.
Key Areas of Computing include:
- Computer Science: Focused on theoretical foundations, algorithms, and computing.
- Information Technology: Involves practical applications and systems management.
- Software Engineering: Centers on development and maintenance of software.
- Data Science: Extracts insights from data using statistics, machine learning, and data visualization.
- Cybersecurity: Protects computer systems and networks from information disclosure, theft, or damage.

Evolution of computers spans:
- Mechanical Devices: Early tools like abacus and Pascaline.
- Electromechanical Devices: Innovations such as IBM Mark I and relay-based machines.
- Electronic Computers: Pioneers like ENIAC and UNIVAC marked this era.
- Modern Digital Systems: Development of microprocessors, personal computers, and smartphones.
Pioneers in the field include:
- Charles Babbage: Proposed the Analytical Engine concept.
- Alan Turing: Introduced the Turing machine, considered the father of theoretical computer science.
- John von Neumann: Developed the von Neumann architecture.
- Bill Gates & Steve Jobs: Key figures in the personal computing revolution.

First Generation (1946-1954): Utilized vacuum tubes as key components.
Second Generation (1955-1965): Marked by the use of transistors.
Third Generation (1968-1975): Featured integrated circuits (IC).
Fourth Generation (1976-1980): Involved very large scale integrated circuits (VLSI).
Fifth Generation (1980-present): Characterized by ultra scale integrated circuits (ULSI) and microprocessors (silicon chips).

Hardware: Refers to the physical components of a computer.
Software: Comprises instructions that guide hardware operations.
Types of Software:
- System Software: Includes operating systems and utility programs.
- Application Software: Encompasses word processors, spreadsheets, and games.
- Programming Language: Tools for creating software applications.