CS1110 Introduction to Computer Science Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What approach does fourth-generation software typically use in programming?

  • Procedural Programming
  • Functional Programming
  • Event-Driven Programming
  • Structured Programming (correct)
  • What significant development occurred in fifth-generation software?

  • Dominance of the Microsoft Windows OS (correct)
  • Development of Spreadsheets
  • Utilization of Cobol Programming
  • Introduction of Assembly Language
  • What are two main types of programmers mentioned in the context of computing as a tool?

  • Systems Programmer and Applications Programmer (correct)
  • Network Administrator and Database Analyst
  • Web Developer and Systems Engineer
  • Software Architect and Application Designer
  • What skill is essential for efficiently expressing problems as step-by-step procedures?

    <p>Algorithmic Thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of programs are typically included in the new application software developed during the fourth generation?

    <p>Word Processors and Database Management Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early computing device was used for basic arithmetic calculations?

    <p>Abacus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known as the first programmer?

    <p>Ada Lovelace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In computing, what purpose does a utility program serve?

    <p>Optimizes hardware performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an operating system?

    <p>To manage hardware resources and run programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant characteristic of vacuum tubes used in first-generation hardware?

    <p>They were large and generated a lot of heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language is an example of one used during the era of structured programming?

    <p>Pascal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abstract mathematical model did Alan Turing invent?

    <p>Turing Machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which device is known for introducing punched cards in computing?

    <p>Jacquard Loom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of storage did the magnetic drum serve as?

    <p>Sequential auxiliary storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes Ada Lovelace's contribution to computing?

    <p>Conceptualized the loop in programming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary use of early computers like the UNIVAC I?

    <p>To facilitate advancements in mathematics and engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of a computing system?

    <p>Hardware, software, and data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an operating system in a computing system?

    <p>To manage interactions between hardware, programs, and data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does abstraction function in computing?

    <p>As a mental model that removes complex details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of a computing system focuses on specific real-world problem-solving?

    <p>Applications layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between systems programmers and applications programmers?

    <p>Systems programmers focus on lower-level tasks, while applications programmers focus on end-user software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term ‘computing’ refer to in this chapter?

    <p>Using technology as a tool and as a discipline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes hardware in a computing system?

    <p>It consists of physical elements like printers and circuit boards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does communication play within computing systems?

    <p>It is a fundamental layer necessary for operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology replaced vacuum tubes due to its advantages such as speed and durability?

    <p>Transistor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hardware technology replaced magnetic drums by providing instant information availability?

    <p>Magnetic Disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant development emerged in the fourth generation of hardware (1971 onwards)?

    <p>Large-scale Integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What programming language type was widely used from 1951 to 1959 and involved writing programs in binary?

    <p>Machine Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language layer in the first generation of software was primarily written using mnemonics?

    <p>Assembly Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major advancement in computing during the late 1980s with regards to networking?

    <p>Introduction of Ethernet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What programming methodologies divided programmers into application and systems programmers during the first generation of software?

    <p>Language Layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which high-level programming languages emerged during the second generation of software (1959-1965) to simplify programming?

    <p>Fortran, COBOL, Lisp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter Goals

    • Understand the layers of a computer system.
    • Learn the concept of abstraction and its significance in computing.
    • Explore the history of computer hardware and software.
    • Recognize the evolving role of computer users.
    • Differentiate between systems programmers and applications programmers.
    • Distinguish computing as a tool versus computing as a discipline.

    Computing Systems

    • A computing system is a dynamic entity designed for problem-solving and environmental interaction.
    • Components of a computing system include hardware, software, and data.

    Layers of a Computing System

    • Information Layer: Represents how information is stored and communicated on a computer.
    • Hardware Layer: Encompasses physical components such as printers and keyboards.
    • Programming Layer: Involves software that governs computations and data management.
    • Operating Systems: Facilitate user interaction with hardware and manage data and programs (e.g., Windows, Linux).
    • Applications Layer: Focuses on utilizing computers for solving real-world problems.
    • Communication Layer: Vital for data exchange and fundamental operations within computing systems.

    Abstraction

    • Abstraction is a mental model that simplifies complex details, crucial in understanding computing concepts.

    History of Computing

    • Abacus: Early device for recording numeric values.
    • Blaise Pascal: Developed a mechanical calculator for basic arithmetic operations.
    • Joseph Jacquard: Innovated the Jacquard Loom using punched cards for automation.
    • Charles Babbage: Known for the Analytical Engine, an early mechanical computer.
    • Ada Lovelace: Recognized as the first programmer and conceptualized the loop in programming.
    • Alan Turing: Created the Turing Machine, providing a foundational mathematical model for computation.
    • Early Computers: Harvard Mark I, ENIAC, and UNIVAC I marked the dawn of modern computing.

    Generations of Hardware

    • First Generation (1951–1959): Utilized vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, and card readers.
    • Second Generation (1959–1965): Introduced transistors, magnetic cores, and magnetic disks, enhancing efficiency and reducing size.
    • Third Generation (1965–1971): Featured integrated circuits which improved reliability and performance.
    • Fourth Generation (1971–present): Saw the rise of personal computers and workstations, making technology widely accessible.

    Parallel Computing and Networking

    • Parallel Computing: Involves interconnected processors or memory units to enhance processing speeds.
    • Networking: Early systems like ARPANET led to the development of the Internet, allowing resource sharing.

    Generations of Software

    • First Generation (1951–1959): Focused on machine language, assembly languages, and early programming divisions.
    • Second Generation (1959–1965): Emerged high-level languages such as Fortran and COBOL, facilitating programming ease.
    • Third Generation (1965–1971): Systems software including translators and operating systems became prevalent.
    • Fourth Generation (1971–1989): Structured programming became standard with languages like Pascal and C++.
    • Fifth Generation (1990–present): Dominated by Microsoft, emphasizing object-oriented design and global communication via the Internet.

    Computing as a Tool vs. Discipline

    • Systems programmers create tools while applications programmers utilize them.
    • Necessary Skills for Computing as a Discipline:
      • Algorithmic Thinking: Develop step-by-step solutions to problems.
      • Representation: Efficient data storage and processing methods.
      • Programming: Combining algorithmic thinking and representation into software solutions.

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    CH 1.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts introduced in Chapter 1 of CS1110. You'll explore the layers of a computer system, the idea of abstraction, and the history of computer hardware and software. Additionally, the quiz distinguishes between systems and applications programmers.

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