CS 352: Cocoa Production and Origins
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Questions and Answers

What is the most significant species of the genus Theobroma?

  • Theobroma tuberculatum
  • Theobroma bicolor
  • Theobroma grandiflorum
  • Theobroma cacao (correct)
  • Who is credited with introducing cocoa to Ghana?

  • British colonizers
  • Tetteh Quarshie (correct)
  • Dutch traders
  • African farmers
  • Which country is currently the leading producer of cocoa in the world?

  • Nigeria
  • Ivory Coast (correct)
  • Brazil
  • Ghana
  • What percentage of the world’s cocoa output did Ghana contribute between 1911 and 1976?

    <p>30-40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate annual revenue generated by cocoa in Ghana?

    <p>$2 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many regions in Ghana are involved in cocoa cultivation?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was cocoa's contribution to Ghana's foreign exchange in the past?

    <p>66-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cocoa contributes what percentage to Ghana's GDP?

    <p>3.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum depth of fertile soil required for cocoa growth?

    <p>1.5 meters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what pH level is soil most suitable for cocoa cultivation?

    <p>6.5 – 8.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable benefit of using hybrid seeds for cocoa planting?

    <p>Earlier bearing after transplanting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of seed propagation for cocoa?

    <p>Raising seedlings in artificial shade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which propagation method is used to produce genetically identical plants?

    <p>Vegetative propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition affects the success of stem cuttings in vegetative propagation?

    <p>Humidity levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hybrid cocoa plants?

    <p>Lower yield potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to clone a healthy mother plant while it is still attached?

    <p>Air layering/Marcotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pruning in cocoa cultivation?

    <p>To improve air circulation and light penetration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it typically take for cocoa fruits to begin fruiting after planting?

    <p>3 – 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an insect pest commonly affecting cocoa plants?

    <p>Ladybugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected increase in yield from applying 48 kg/ha of P2O5?

    <p>20-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cocoa pods during the maturity stage?

    <p>They change color from green to yellow or red to orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical productive lifespan of a cocoa plant?

    <p>40 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice allows for the flowering process in cocoa plants to be influenced by insects?

    <p>Pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timeframe for cocoa pods to fully develop and ripen?

    <p>4 – 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit does cocoa butter provide for the skin?

    <p>It helps to fight free radical damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common use of cocoa butter in hair care?

    <p>It promotes hair growth and prevents breakage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant constraint faced by the cocoa industry?

    <p>Mining activities destroying cocoa farms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a use of cocoa shell mentioned in the content?

    <p>Source of fertilizer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does child labor have on the cocoa industry?

    <p>It poses ethical concerns and impacts sustainability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 2021 budget statement forecast for the cocoa sector?

    <p>A.growth of 1.6 percent in cocoa prices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average number of beans per pod for Criollo cocoa?

    <p>20-30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cocoa type is known for producing the highest quality cocoa but in limited quantities?

    <p>Criollo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect makes cocoa's future bright according to the content?

    <p>The popularity of its flavor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are the unripe pods of Trinitario cocoa?

    <p>Red/Purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which problem is associated with the cocoa production value chain?

    <p>I'll appointed financing and high interest rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cocoa type is primarily dominant in cocoa production due to its hardiness?

    <p>Forastero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of Forastero cocoa pods?

    <p>They are small and elongated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color are the cotyledons of Criollo cocoa beans?

    <p>White</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cocoa type is highly susceptible to diseases and has quick fermentation?

    <p>Criollo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cocoa has pods that may range from smooth to heavily sculptured?

    <p>Trinitario</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cocoa Overview

    • Cocoa, known scientifically as Theobroma cacao, belongs to a genus with over 20 species.
    • It likely originated in the Upper Amazon region and spread to Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.

    Cocoa Production in Ghana

    • Introduced in the early 19th century by Dutch missionaries.
    • Tetteh Quarshie is credited for its widespread cultivation after bringing cocoa from Fernando Po in 1895.
    • Ghana emerged as the world's leading cocoa producer from 1911 to 1976, contributing 30-40% of global output.
    • Currently, Ghana is the second-largest producer after Ivory Coast, known for high-quality cocoa.
    • Approximately 1.6 million people are involved in cocoa cultivation and related industries.
    • Cocoa generates about $2 billion in foreign exchange and contributes 3.2% to Ghana's GDP.
    • Previously accounted for 66% of foreign exchange; now approximately 35-40%.

    Cocoa Types

    • Criollo

      • Vulnerable to diseases; produces mild-flavored beans with a pleasant aroma.
      • Beans ferment quickly; low yield with limited market availability.
    • Trinitario

      • Originates from Trinidad and Venezuela; a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero.
      • Pods vary in shape, color, and are hardier than Criollo.
      • Average is 30 or more beans per pod; important for breeding.
    • Forastero

      • Originates from Amazonia; dominant in cocoa production due to vigor.
      • Pods are thick with a woody layer and take about 7 years to bear fruit.
      • Harsh flavor described as bitter, and it is highly susceptible to swollen shoot disease.

    Growth Requirements

    • Cocoa thrives in deep, fertile, well-drained loamy or clayey soils with a pH of 6.5–8.0.
    • High organic matter content (around 3.5% in topsoil) is preferred for optimal growth.

    Propagation Methods

    • Seed Propagation

      • Economical; seeds can germinate in pods or be raised in nurseries.
      • Seedlings are ready for field planting after 4-6 months.
    • Hybrid Seed Production

      • Mixed hybrids (“akokora bedi”) offer benefits like early bearing, high yield, and disease tolerance.
    • Vegetative Propagation (Clonal)

      • Involves creating genetically identical plants, utilizing methods like cuttings and air layering.
      • Air layering enables cloning healthy plants while still attached to the parent.

    After Planting Operations

    • Pest Control

      • Pests include stem and pod borers, capsid, termites, and various insects.
    • Fertilizer Application

      • Regular application of fertilizers can boost yields by 20-30%.
    • Pruning

      • Essential for removing excess vegetation and unhealthy branches, enhancing tree health.
    • Pollination

      • Flowers are pollinated by insects, with a timeframe for potential abortion of flowers noted.

    Maturity and Yield

    • Fruiting begins in 3-5 years; full bearing occurs around 7-10 years.
    • Productive lifespan of cocoa trees is around 40 years.

    General Uses of Cocoa

    • Cocoa butter provides cosmetic and pharmaceutical benefits, enhancing skin and hair health.
    • Cocoa products include beverage powders, chocolates, and livestock feed materials.

    Constraints in Cocoa Production

    • Mining activities (Galamsey) threaten cocoa farms, with destruction of about 20 acres weekly.
    • Issues include aging farmers, child labor, and inequitable value distribution among value chain actors.
    • Challenges with forest degradation and a need for more robust adaptation measures persist.

    Future Outlook

    • The cocoa sector is anticipated to experience modest growth, with price fluctuations due to substitutes.
    • Expectations include a 1.6% increase in cocoa prices based on recent budget forecasts.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the cultivation and significance of cocoa, specifically Theobroma cacao. It explores the plant's background, origin in the Upper Amazon, and its production in Ghana. Test your knowledge on beverage crops and cocoa's role in agriculture!

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