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Questions and Answers
What is the main security objective of symmetric encryption?
What is the main security objective of symmetric encryption?
- Confidentiality (correct)
- Source integrity
- Key distribution
- Integrity
Which cryptographic method is used to ensure message integrity?
Which cryptographic method is used to ensure message integrity?
- Symmetric encryption
- Asymmetric encryption
- Message authentication code (MAC) (correct)
- Public key distribution
Which of the following statements is true regarding public key distribution?
Which of the following statements is true regarding public key distribution?
- Public keys are exchanged in a secure manner without a trust system.
- The public key does not need validation.
- Public key distribution only requires a shared secret.
- A Certificate Authority (CA) validates and certifies public keys. (correct)
What is one key feature of HMAC (Hash-based MAC)?
What is one key feature of HMAC (Hash-based MAC)?
What is described as a trusted third party that issues digital certificates?
What is described as a trusted third party that issues digital certificates?
What is NOT an objective of asymmetric encryption?
What is NOT an objective of asymmetric encryption?
How does Alice verify Bob's public key after receiving his certificate?
How does Alice verify Bob's public key after receiving his certificate?
What does a digital certificate typically contain?
What does a digital certificate typically contain?
What is the main objective of symmetric encryption?
What is the main objective of symmetric encryption?
Which cryptographic method is specifically used for ensuring integrity?
Which cryptographic method is specifically used for ensuring integrity?
What does data confidentiality primarily aim to protect against?
What does data confidentiality primarily aim to protect against?
Which cryptographic method is used to ensure both confidentiality and integrity?
Which cryptographic method is used to ensure both confidentiality and integrity?
What is a characteristic of public key encryption?
What is a characteristic of public key encryption?
What is the role of a cipher in cryptography?
What is the role of a cipher in cryptography?
What common use does asymmetric encryption have?
What common use does asymmetric encryption have?
Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is associated with symmetric encryption?
Which of the following cryptographic algorithms is associated with symmetric encryption?
Which of the following is NOT a countermeasure against denial of service attacks?
Which of the following is NOT a countermeasure against denial of service attacks?
What type of cryptographic method uses a secret key pair for encryption?
What type of cryptographic method uses a secret key pair for encryption?
How is a digital signature primarily used in cryptography?
How is a digital signature primarily used in cryptography?
What characteristic defines a one-way cryptographic algorithm?
What characteristic defines a one-way cryptographic algorithm?
In the CIA Triad, what does 'Availability' primarily refer to?
In the CIA Triad, what does 'Availability' primarily refer to?
What is the primary security objective of symmetric encryption?
What is the primary security objective of symmetric encryption?
Which of the following statements about public key encryption is true?
Which of the following statements about public key encryption is true?
When a sender uses their private key to create a digital signature, what is the primary purpose of this action?
When a sender uses their private key to create a digital signature, what is the primary purpose of this action?
What is the main difference between a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and a hash function?
What is the main difference between a Message Authentication Code (MAC) and a hash function?
Which of the following best describes the key usage in asymmetric encryption?
Which of the following best describes the key usage in asymmetric encryption?
Which cryptographic method is primarily associated with providing integrity without confidentiality?
Which cryptographic method is primarily associated with providing integrity without confidentiality?
What is a key characteristic of asymmetric encryption compared to symmetric encryption?
What is a key characteristic of asymmetric encryption compared to symmetric encryption?
Which common algorithm is utilized in asymmetric encryption?
Which common algorithm is utilized in asymmetric encryption?
What is the primary purpose of a checksum?
What is the primary purpose of a checksum?
Which characteristic best describes the mapping of a hash function?
Which characteristic best describes the mapping of a hash function?
Which output is not a common characteristic of a Message Authentication Code (MAC)?
Which output is not a common characteristic of a Message Authentication Code (MAC)?
How does HMAC ensure data integrity?
How does HMAC ensure data integrity?
What is a drawback of using a message digest?
What is a drawback of using a message digest?
Which process correctly describes the creation of an HMAC?
Which process correctly describes the creation of an HMAC?
What does the 'trivial algorithm' method of hashing illustrate?
What does the 'trivial algorithm' method of hashing illustrate?
What type of algorithm does HMAC utilize?
What type of algorithm does HMAC utilize?
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Study Notes
Cryptographic Methods and Key Management
- Message Integrity Verification: Hash comparison (retrieved vs computed) is essential for confirming message integrity during transmission.
- Symmetric Encryption: Provides confidentiality through encrypted messages but does not ensure integrity; relies on a shared key.
- Message Authentication Code (MAC): A keyed algorithm ensuring integrity without confidentiality; includes HMAC, which is optimized for fixed-length output.
- Public Key Encryption: Offers source integrity via digital signatures and potentially confidentiality; involves a pair of keys (public and private) for secure communication.
Key Management
- Key Distribution: A critical administrative task in cryptographic systems, including shared key exchange for symmetric encryption and public key distribution for asymmetric encryption.
- Trusted Third Party (CA): A Certificate Authority validates public keys, issues digital certificates, and creates a "chain of trust" ensuring public key authenticity.
Security Model (CIA Triad)
- Confidentiality: Protects sensitive data from unauthorized access. Countermeasures include authentication and encryption.
- Integrity: Safeguards data from modification and ensures authenticity. Uses authentication and cryptography measures like MAC.
- Availability: Ensures timely access to services against denial-of-service attacks by implementing access controls.
Cryptographic Components
- Plaintext: Original unencrypted data.
- Cipher: Algorithm used for encryption and decryption, which can include lookup tables and one-time pads.
- Ciphertext: Encrypted data resulting from the cipher processing plaintext.
Cryptographic Method Types
- Symmetric Encryption: Confidentiality-focused; reversible with a single keyed algorithm.
- MAC and HMAC: Focus on integrity; HMAC utilizes a hash function and is resource-effective.
- Public Key Encryption: Source integrity and digital signatures through asymmetric keys; costly for confidentiality due to dual key system.
Data Integrity Methods
- Creating H/MAC: Sender appends a small code (MAC/HMAC) generated from the message and shared key to verify data has not been altered by the recipient.
- Common Algorithms: SHA family used for data integrity, while AES is commonly applied for message confidentiality.
Non-Repudiation Methods
- Asymmetric Encryption: Uses key pairs to facilitate secure communication; key management benefits; primary use for digital signatures ensuring non-repudiation.
Practical Applications
- Symmetric Encryption Usage: Commonly used for ensuring message confidentiality, primarily employing AES.
- Digital Signatures: Mainly rely on RSA for authentication and integrity verification of messages, alongside shared key distribution needs.
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