Questions and Answers
What type of decay involves the loss of two neutrons and two protons?
Which radioactive isotope is commonly used for thyroid scans?
What does the half-life of a radioactive substance refer to?
Which process uses gamma rays to kill bacteria in food?
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What type of formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms present?
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Which formula shows how atoms are bonded in a molecule?
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What is the purpose of using radioactive isotopes in pest control?
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What distinguishes active ingredients from inactive ingredients in a product?
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Which of the following is NOT a practical use of isotopes?
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In the arrangement of ingredients according to INCI, how are they typically ordered?
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Which statement is true regarding isotopes?
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What is the correct formula for calculating mass number?
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What is the role of a thickener in a shampoo formulation?
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Which of the following correctly describes cryogenic distillation?
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How does the mass number of an element appear in the periodic table?
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Which particle defines the atomic identity of an element?
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What is the main focus during the drafting phase of academic writing?
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What is the purpose of the editing stage in academic writing?
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In the final writing stage, what characteristics are expected of the academic work?
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Why is publishing an academic work significant?
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Which skill is emphasized as a necessary component in writing academic papers?
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What role does critical thinking play in academic writing?
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What is a key characteristic of creative writing according to Castillo et al.?
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What is the essential requirement for writing that is deemed creative?
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What unit is used to measure angular velocity?
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Which formula correctly represents centripetal force?
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What must be true for work to be done on an object?
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Which of the following is not a common type of force present in a free-body diagram?
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Which equation represents the simplified formula for period (T) when velocity (v) and radius (r) are known?
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What is the relationship between frequency (f) and period (T)?
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Which force opposes the direction of motion as identified in free-body diagrams?
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What is the expression for centripetal acceleration (ac) in terms of velocity (v) and radius (r)?
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What does acceleration measure?
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In a Velocity vs Time graph, what does the area under the curve represent?
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What can be concluded about an object when its velocity is constant?
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Which kinematic equation relates final velocity, initial velocity, acceleration, and time?
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What is true about relative motion?
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Which equation correctly expresses the relationship between distance, initial velocity, and time in uniformly accelerated motion?
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What is an inertial frame of reference?
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Which of the following indicates that an object is at rest?
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Study Notes
Cryogenic Distillation
- A separation process for gaseous mixtures using distillation at high pressure and low temperature.
- Primarily utilized to extract gases from the air.
Ingredients in Shampoo
- Common ingredients include:
- Carrying agents, active ingredients, surfactants, preservatives, stabilizers.
- Thickeners, emollients/conditioners, fragrances, colorants, and other additives.
- Active ingredients perform the product's claimed functions; inactive ingredients do not.
Arrangement of Ingredients
- Ingredients listed in descending order based on their concentration.
- Some products may list active ingredients first, followed by inactive ingredients in alphabetical order.
Structure of an Atom
- Composed of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative).
- Atomic number (Z) defines the identity of an atom based on the number of protons.
- Mass number is calculated by adding atomic number and number of neutrons.
Representation of Atoms
- Hyphen notation used, e.g., carbon-12 represented as C-12.
- Isotopes have the same atomic number but distinct mass numbers.
Isotopes and Radioactivity
- Isotopes share chemical properties but exhibit different physical properties.
- Types of radioactivity include:
- Alpha Decay: Loss of two neutrons and two protons.
- Beta Decay: Loss of one electron.
- Gamma Decay: Loss of one photon.
- Half-life measures the time taken for half of the sample to decay.
Practical Uses of Isotopes
- Environmental science: Radiometric dating (e.g., carbon-14, uranium).
- Food and agriculture: Food irradiation with gamma rays and sterilization of insects.
- Health: Diagnostic and treatment tools (e.g., Technetium-99m, Iodine isotopes).
- Industry: Nuclear power plants harness nuclear fission for electricity.
Chemical Formula Representation
- Represents a compound's chemical composition, showing elements and their proportions.
- Types of chemical formulas:
- Molecular Formula: Exact atom numbers (e.g., H2O).
- Empirical Formula: Simplest whole-number ratio (e.g., N2H4 to NH2).
- Structural Formula: Bonds depicted (e.g., H-O-H).
- Condensed Formula: Simplified version without bond representation (e.g., C2H6O to CH3CH2OH).
Acceleration and Motion Analysis
- Acceleration is a vector quantity denoting change in velocity over time.
- Graphical analysis connects position (x), velocity (v), and time (t).
- Kinematic equations predict unknowns based on known variables in motion.
Relative Motion
- Velocity depends on the observer's motion; it's relative to a reference frame.
- Laws of physics are invariant across inertial frames.
- Angular velocity measures rotation speed around a point.
Free-Body Diagrams
- Illustrate forces acting on an object, including direction and type.
- Common forces include normal force, gravitational force, applied force, frictional force, and tension.
Work, Power, and Energy
- Work is energy transfer through force and displacement, expressed as W = Fd cosθ.
- No work occurs if force and displacement are perpendicular.
Creative Writing
- Characterized by rich content and topic development.
- Requires critical thinking, observation, and experiential understanding.
- Malikhain Pagsulat (Creative Writing) entails crafting insightful and immersive narratives, demanding both skill and creativity.
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Description
Explore the fascinating process of cryogenic distillation used for the separation of gaseous mixtures at high pressure and low temperature. Additionally, learn about the various types of ingredients found in consumer products like shampoo, including surfactants and preservatives.
