Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which phase of gait occurs from 2% to 12% of the gait cycle?
Which phase of gait occurs from 2% to 12% of the gait cycle?
What is the primary objective during the Initial Contact phase of gait?
What is the primary objective during the Initial Contact phase of gait?
During the Loading Response phase, what degree of knee flexion is required?
During the Loading Response phase, what degree of knee flexion is required?
What is the correct torque for the ankle during the Mid Stance phase?
What is the correct torque for the ankle during the Mid Stance phase?
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Which of the following phases of gait involves the limb and trunk stability?
Which of the following phases of gait involves the limb and trunk stability?
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What is the hip position required at Initial Contact?
What is the hip position required at Initial Contact?
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How much of the gait cycle is occupied by Mid Stance?
How much of the gait cycle is occupied by Mid Stance?
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Which torque is present at the ankle during the Loading Response phase?
Which torque is present at the ankle during the Loading Response phase?
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What is the primary objective of the terminal stance phase in the gait cycle?
What is the primary objective of the terminal stance phase in the gait cycle?
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Which joint has the least range of motion during the terminal stance phase?
Which joint has the least range of motion during the terminal stance phase?
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During the pre-swing phase of the gait cycle, what is the position of the knee joint?
During the pre-swing phase of the gait cycle, what is the position of the knee joint?
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Which joint torque is dominant during the initial swing phase of gait?
Which joint torque is dominant during the initial swing phase of gait?
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What is the hip joint's position during the mid-swing phase?
What is the hip joint's position during the mid-swing phase?
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Which of the following is true regarding the ankle joint during the pre-swing phase?
Which of the following is true regarding the ankle joint during the pre-swing phase?
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During which phase does the heel rise off the floor?
During which phase does the heel rise off the floor?
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What is the primary role of the knee joint during the mid-swing phase?
What is the primary role of the knee joint during the mid-swing phase?
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Study Notes
Gait Analysis
- Gait is a 50-50 split between stance and swing phases.
- Stance: Reference limb remains in contact with the ground.
- Swing: Reference limb is traveling through the air.
Learning Objectives
- Differentiate gait phases from video observations.
- Understand range of motion (ROM) and torque requirements at each joint during the normal gait cycle.
- Recognize the gait cycle in real-time for subject evaluations.
Phases of Gait
- Standard Breakdown: Initial Contact, Loading Response, Mid Stance, Terminal Stance, Pre-Swing, Initial Swing, Mid Swing, Late Swing.
- Functional Breakdown: Weight Acceptance, Single Limb Support, Swing Limb Advancement.
Initial Contact
- Occurs when the foot hits the floor.
- 0-2% of the gait cycle.
- Initiates stance phase with a heel rocker.
- Decelerates impact.
Initial Contact - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: Neutral ROM. Plantarflexion torque.
- Knee: 5 degrees of flexion ROM. Extension torque.
- Hip: 20 degrees of flexion ROM. Flexion torque.
- Pelvis: 5 degrees posterior tilt ROM.
Loading Response
- Follows initial contact, ends when the other limb leaves the ground.
- 2-12% of the gait cycle.
- Objectives: Shock absorption, weight-bearing stability, maintains progression.
Loading Response - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: 5 degrees of Plantarflexion (PF).
- Knee: 15 degrees of flexion.
- Hip: 20 degrees of flexion.
- Pelvis: 5 degrees posterior tilt.
- Ankle: Plantarflexion torque.
- Knee: Flexion torque.
- Hip: Flexion + adduction (ADD) torque.
Mid Stance
- First portion of single limb stance interval.
- 12-31% of the gait cycle.
- Begins when contralateral limb initiates swing phase, ends when body weight is aligned over the forefoot.
- Objectives: Progression over the stationary foot, limb and trunk stability.
Mid Stance - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion (DF).
- Knee: 5 degrees flexion.
- Hip: Neutral.
- Pelvis: Neutral.
- Ankle: Dorsiflexion torque.
- Knee: Extension torque.
- Hip: Extension + adduction torque.
Terminal Stance
- Second portion of the single limb stance interval.
- 31-50% of the gait cycle.
- Begins when the heel rises off the floor and continues to initial contact of the contralateral limb.
- Objectives: Body progression beyond the supporting foot, limb and trunk stability.
Terminal Stance - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: 10 degrees DF + 30 degrees metatarsophalangeal (MTP) extension.
- Knee: 5 degrees flexion.
- Hip: Neutral.
- Pelvis: Neutral.
- Ankle: Dorsiflexion torque.
- Knee: Extension torque.
- Hip: Extension + adduction torque
Pre-Swing
- Second double stance interval in the gait cycle.
- 50-62% of the gait cycle.
- Begins with initial contact of the contralateral limb and ends with toe-off.
- Objectives: Position the limb for swing phase, accelerates progression.
Pre-Swing - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: 15 degrees PF + 60 degrees MTP extension.
- Knee: 40 degrees flexion.
- Hip: 10 degrees extension.
- Pelvis: 5 degrees anterior tilt.
- Ankle: Dorsiflexion torque.
- Knee: Flexion torque.
- Hip: Extension torque.
Initial Swing
- First phase of swing (~1/3 of the swing phase).
- 62-75% of the gait cycle.
- Begins with foot clearance and ends when the swing foot is opposite the stance foot.
- Objectives: Foot clearance from the floor, limb advancement from the trailing limb position.
Initial Swing - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: 5 degrees DF.
- Knee: 60 degrees flexion.
- Hip: 15 degrees flexion.
- Pelvis: 5 degrees anterior tilt.
- Ankle: Low plantarflexion torque.
- Knee: Flexion torque.
- Hip: Extension torque.
Mid Swing
- Middle 1/3 of the swing cycle.
- 75-87% of the gait cycle.
- Begins with the swing foot opposite the stance limb and ends with the swing foot forward and the tibia vertical.
- Objectives: Limb advancement, foot clearance.
Mid Swing - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: Neutral.
- Knee: 25 degrees flexion.
- Hip: 25 degrees flexion.
- Pelvis: Neutral.
- Ankle: Low plantarflexion torque.
- Knee: Extension torque.
- Hip: Hip flexion torque.
Late Swing
- Late 1/3 of the swing cycle.
- 87-100% of the gait cycle.
- Begins with vertical tibia and ends with heel contact.
- Objectives: Complete limb advancement, prepare limb for stance phase.
Late Swing - ROM and Torques
- Ankle: Neutral.
- Knee: Neutral → 5 degrees flexion.
- Hip: 20 degrees flexion.
- Pelvis: 5 degrees posterior tilt.
- Ankle: Plantarflexion torque → 0.
- Knee: Extension torque.
- Hip: Hip flexion torque.
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