Untitled Quiz

Gait Analysis

• Gait is a 50-50 split between stance and swing phases.
• Stance: Reference limb remains in contact with the ground.
• Swing: Reference limb is traveling through the air.

Learning Objectives

• Differentiate gait phases from video observations.
• Understand range of motion (ROM) and torque requirements at each joint during the normal gait cycle.
• Recognize the gait cycle in real-time for subject evaluations.

Phases of Gait

• Standard Breakdown: Initial Contact, Loading Response, Mid Stance, Terminal Stance, Pre-Swing, Initial Swing, Mid Swing, Late Swing.
• Functional Breakdown: Weight Acceptance, Single Limb Support, Swing Limb Advancement.

Initial Contact

• Occurs when the foot hits the floor.
• 0-2% of the gait cycle.
• Initiates stance phase with a heel rocker.
• Decelerates impact.

Initial Contact - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: Neutral ROM. Plantarflexion torque.
• Knee: 5 degrees of flexion ROM. Extension torque.
• Hip: 20 degrees of flexion ROM. Flexion torque.
• Pelvis: 5 degrees posterior tilt ROM.

Loading Response

• Follows initial contact, ends when the other limb leaves the ground.
• 2-12% of the gait cycle.
• Objectives: Shock absorption, weight-bearing stability, maintains progression.

Loading Response - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: 5 degrees of Plantarflexion (PF).
• Knee: 15 degrees of flexion.
• Hip: 20 degrees of flexion.
• Pelvis: 5 degrees posterior tilt.
• Ankle: Plantarflexion torque.
• Knee: Flexion torque.
• Hip: Flexion + adduction (ADD) torque.

Mid Stance

• First portion of single limb stance interval.
• 12-31% of the gait cycle.
• Begins when contralateral limb initiates swing phase, ends when body weight is aligned over the forefoot.
• Objectives: Progression over the stationary foot, limb and trunk stability.

Mid Stance - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: 5 degrees dorsiflexion (DF).
• Knee: 5 degrees flexion.
• Hip: Neutral.
• Pelvis: Neutral.
• Ankle: Dorsiflexion torque.
• Knee: Extension torque.
• Hip: Extension + adduction torque.

Terminal Stance

• Second portion of the single limb stance interval.
• 31-50% of the gait cycle.
• Begins when the heel rises off the floor and continues to initial contact of the contralateral limb.
• Objectives: Body progression beyond the supporting foot, limb and trunk stability.

Terminal Stance - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: 10 degrees DF + 30 degrees metatarsophalangeal (MTP) extension.
• Knee: 5 degrees flexion.
• Hip: Neutral.
• Pelvis: Neutral.
• Ankle: Dorsiflexion torque.
• Knee: Extension torque.
• Hip: Extension + adduction torque

Pre-Swing

• Second double stance interval in the gait cycle.
• 50-62% of the gait cycle.
• Begins with initial contact of the contralateral limb and ends with toe-off.
• Objectives: Position the limb for swing phase, accelerates progression.

Pre-Swing - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: 15 degrees PF + 60 degrees MTP extension.
• Knee: 40 degrees flexion.
• Hip: 10 degrees extension.
• Pelvis: 5 degrees anterior tilt.
• Ankle: Dorsiflexion torque.
• Knee: Flexion torque.
• Hip: Extension torque.

Initial Swing

• First phase of swing (~1/3 of the swing phase).
• 62-75% of the gait cycle.
• Begins with foot clearance and ends when the swing foot is opposite the stance foot.
• Objectives: Foot clearance from the floor, limb advancement from the trailing limb position.

Initial Swing - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: 5 degrees DF.
• Knee: 60 degrees flexion.
• Hip: 15 degrees flexion.
• Pelvis: 5 degrees anterior tilt.
• Ankle: Low plantarflexion torque.
• Knee: Flexion torque.
• Hip: Extension torque.

Mid Swing

• Middle 1/3 of the swing cycle.
• 75-87% of the gait cycle.
• Begins with the swing foot opposite the stance limb and ends with the swing foot forward and the tibia vertical.
• Objectives: Limb advancement, foot clearance.

Mid Swing - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: Neutral.
• Knee: 25 degrees flexion.
• Hip: 25 degrees flexion.
• Pelvis: Neutral.
• Ankle: Low plantarflexion torque.
• Knee: Extension torque.
• Hip: Hip flexion torque.

Late Swing

• Late 1/3 of the swing cycle.
• 87-100% of the gait cycle.
• Begins with vertical tibia and ends with heel contact.
• Objectives: Complete limb advancement, prepare limb for stance phase.

Late Swing - ROM and Torques

• Ankle: Neutral.
• Knee: Neutral → 5 degrees flexion.
• Hip: 20 degrees flexion.
• Pelvis: 5 degrees posterior tilt.
• Ankle: Plantarflexion torque → 0.
• Knee: Extension torque.
• Hip: Hip flexion torque.