CRUD Operations on Cats Database

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary key for the 'cats' table?

age

cat_id (correct)

breed

name

Which SQL command would you use to change the name of a cat from 'Jackson' to 'Jack'?

ALTER cats SET name='Jack' WHERE name='Jackson';

UPDATE cats SET name='Jack' WHERE name='Jackson'; (correct)

CHANGE cats SET name='Jack' WHERE name='Jackson';

MODIFY cats SET name='Jack' WHERE name='Jackson';

How would you retrieve all the records from the 'shirts' table?

SELECT * FROM shirts; (correct)

SELECT all FROM shirts;

GET * FROM shirts;

FETCH * FROM shirts;

Which of the following commands will delete all records from the 'shirts' table?

DELETE FROM shirts; Signup and view all the answers

What SQL command would you use to add a new shirt record for a purple polo shirt medium?

INSERT INTO shirts(article, color, shirt_size, last_worn) VALUES('purple', 'polo shirt', 'medium', 50); Signup and view all the answers

If you want to find all Tabby cats, which SQL command would be appropriate?

SELECT * FROM cats WHERE breed='Tabby'; Signup and view all the answers

What happens if you execute 'DELETE FROM cats WHERE cat_id=age'?

An error will occur due to invalid condition. Signup and view all the answers

What would be the result of executing 'UPDATE shirts SET last_worn=0 WHERE last_worn=15;'?

Only the record with 15 in the column 'last_worn' will be affected. Signup and view all the answers

What is not a component of the septal nephridia of earthworm?

Altered lobe Signup and view all the answers

What purpose does the nephrostome serve in the septal nephridia?

Collects excretory matter from the blood Signup and view all the answers

How many septal nephridia are typically found per segment in earthworms?

80-100 Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the septal nephridia due to their excretory matter collection method?

Endonephric nephridia Signup and view all the answers

Which step involves dehydrating the specimen with alcohol during the preparation of a slide?

Dehydrating with 90% absolute alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in preparing a slide of the septal nephridia from an earthworm?

Stretch and pin a preserved earthworm Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the excretion route through the septal nephridia?

Ciliated tracts Signup and view all the answers

What should be used to clear the specimen after dehydration in the slide preparation?

Xylol Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

CRUD Operations Overview

CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete, fundamental operations for managing data in a database.

Creating a Cats Table

A table named cats is created with four fields: cat_id, name, breed, and age.
cat_id is an integer that auto-increments and serves as the primary key.

Inserting Data into Cats Table

Several records added to the cats table include:
- Ringo (Tabby, 4 years)
- Cindy (Maine Coon, 10 years)
- Dumbledore (Maine Coon, 11 years)
- Egg (Persian, 4 years)
- Misty (Tabby, 13 years)
- George Michael (Ragdoll, 9 years)
- Jackson (Sphynx, 7 years)

Reading Data from Cats Table

Several selection queries executed:
- Retrieve all cat_id values.
- Retrieve the names and breeds of all cats.
- Retrieve names and ages of cats specifically of breed 'Tabby'.
- Incorrect selection (cat_id=age) indicated a mistake.

Updating Records in Cats Table

Name change: 'Jackson' updated to 'Jack'.
Breed change: 'Ringo's breed updated to 'British Shorthair'.
Age update: All Maine Coons’ ages set to 12.

Deleting Records from Cats Table

Delete command removes records where age equals 4.
Incorrect deletion command (cat_id=age) noted as an error.
Command to delete all entries from the cats table is demonstrated.

Challenges and Solutions in Database Management

Challenge 1: Create a database named shirts_db and set it for use.
Challenge 2: Not specified in detail.
Challenge 3: shirts table created with fields: shirt_id, article, color, shirt_size, and last_worn. The shirt_id is the primary key.
Challenge 4: Multiple records inserted into the shirts table, including various shirt types and attributes.

Reading Data from Shirts Table

Execute SELECT * FROM shirts to view all records.
Specific selections include articles and colors of shirts and those matching size 'M'.

Updating Records in Shirts Table

Size of 'polo shirt' records updated to 'L'.
last_worn value set to 0 for records originally marked as 15.
Color and size updated for records with the original color 'white'.

Deleting Records from Shirts Table

Deletion of shirts that were last worn 200 days ago.
Complete removal of 'tank top' articles.
A command to delete all records in the shirts table.

Table Management

Demonstrates dropping the shirts table, permanently removing the structure and data.

Experiment 01 - Septal Nephridia of Earthworm

Aim is to prepare a permanent stained slide of septal nephridia from an earthworm.

Requirements

Materials needed include a pin, needle, blade, slide, coverslip, various concentrations of alcohol (70%, 90%, absolute), borax carmine, Canada balsam, xylol, and a microscope.

General Characters of Septal Nephridia

Septal nephridia are located on intersegmental septa, starting from the 15th segment to the last.
Each nephridium includes components: nephrostome, neck, body, and terminal duct.
Classified as typical or holonephridia due to their completeness and presence of nephrostome.
Typically, 80-100 nephridia exist per segment, with 40-50 on the 15th, 16th, and last septa.
They collect excretory substances from both blood and coelom via the nephrostome.
Excretory products are discharged through the septal excretory canal and supra intestinal duct into the intestine.
Also referred to as endonephric or enteronephric nephridia, highlighting the gut excretion of waste.
Structure includes nephrostome, twisted lobe (proximal and distal limbs), a straight lobe, and a terminal duct.
Pathway of excretory material: nephrostome → proximal limb → distal limb → straight lobe → terminal duct → septal excretory duct → supra intestinal duct.

Procedure

Stretch and pin a preserved earthworm in a dissecting tray.
Make an incision along the mid-dorsal line behind the clitellum.
Remove a section of septum from the alimentary canal to the body wall.
Wash the tissue, dehydrate in 70% alcohol, stain with borax carmine, dehydrate again with 90% absolute alcohol, clear with xylol, and mount in Canada balsam.
Use two sharp needles for isolation of a single nephridium, manipulated under a binocular microscope.

Diagram Information

A diagram illustrates the anatomy of a nephridium with nine labeled parts including:
- Apical part
- Outer loop
- Straight lobe
- Inner loop
- Ciliated tract
- Distal and proximal limbs of twisted loop
- Nephrostome
- Neck
- Glandular syncytial mass
- Nephridial tube
- Terminal duct

Result

A permanent stained slide of septal nephridia from an earthworm was successfully prepared.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential CRUD operations for managing a cats database. You will explore how to create tables, insert records, and perform selections on the dataset. Test your knowledge on SQL commands used in database management.