Labs and Monitoring

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.5-2.5x control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate (HCO3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anion Gap (AG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White Blood Cells (WBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pCO2 levels in arterial blood range from 35-45 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test for adrenal suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used in detecting prostate cancer and BPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alanine Aminotransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CK-MB</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BNP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be reported as positive or negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-Reactive Protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uric Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>24-30 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>135-145 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>17-20 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36-46%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) involves obtaining a blood level or related labs to monitor efficacy and safety of drug therapies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC) analyzes the white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets (PLTs). It also includes the hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Examples of Point-of-Care (POC) tests mentioned in the text include tests for cardiac enzymes, A1C, INR, various infections, and others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males: 15-50%, Females: 12-45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Used in the diagnosis of hemolytic anemia, when the cause of hemolysis is unclear (i.e., an immune mechanism vs. another cause)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Cosyntropin Stimulation Test is used to test for adrenal suppression and to measure baseline and timed increase in cortisol levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reference range for bicarbonate (HCO3) in venous samples is 22-26 mEq/l.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) testing is used in detecting prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of a basic metabolic panel (BMP) is to analyze electrolytes, glucose, renal function, and acid/base balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) includes the tests in the BMP plus albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin, and total protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of an anion gap suggests metabolic acidosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reporting lab results as 'positive' or 'negative' indicates the presence or absence of a specific item or condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ankle brachial index (ABI) is used to assess the severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD). An ABI value below 1 indicates some degree of PAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level of 126 mg/dL is positive for diabetes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The C-reactive protein (CRP) test is used to diagnose and monitor inflammation and infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reference range for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in females is less than 30 mm/hr, and a level above 30 mm/hr indicates high risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ALP: 10-40 units/L, AST: 10-40 units/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess acute and chronic liver inflammation/disease and to monitor hepatotoxic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total bilirubin: 0.1-1.2 mg/dl, GGT: 19-60 mcg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males: 55-170 IU/L, Females: 30-135 IU/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin = Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells Hematocrit = The level of red blood cells in the fluid component of the blood, or plasma Platelets = Cell fragments that help with blood clotting Neutrophils = Type of white blood cells that are analyzed when a CBC with differential is ordered</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test = Used in the detection and monitoring of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Complete Blood Count (CBC) = Analyzes the white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets C-reactive protein (CRP) test = Used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease and inflammation Transferrin Saturation test = Used to assess iron status</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate (HCO3) = $22-28$ mEq/L in arterial blood pCO2 = $35-45$ mmHg in arterial blood Transferrin Saturation in males = $15-50$% Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) in females = Below $30$ mm/hr indicates low risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pCO2 = $35-45$ mmHg pO2 = $80-100$ mm Hg Bicarbonate (HCO3)$ (venous samples) = $22-26$ mEq/l 02 Sat = $&gt;95%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone total, free = Used in detecting prostate cancer and BPH Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) = Tested in blood or urine to determine pregnancy Lutelnizing Hormone (LH) = Causes egg release from the ovaries (ovulation) Cosyntropin = Used to test for adrenal suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bicarbonate (HCO3) = Used in evaluation of parathyroid disorders, hypercalcemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) Cosyntropin Stimulation Test = Used to test for adrenal suppression; medications that affect baseline cortisol or suppress adrenal resp Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) = Used in detecting prostate cancer and BPH Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) = Tested in blood or urine to determine pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (Na) = 135-145 mEq/L Potassium (K) = 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Calcium, total = 8.5-10.5 mg/dL Bicarbonate (HCO3) = 24-30 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) = Analyzes electrolytes, glucose, renal function, and acid/base Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC) = Assesses overall health and detects a wide range of disorders Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) = Nonspecific test used in autoimmune disorders Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) = Assesses the severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low albumin levels = Can impact the serum concentrations of highly protein-bound drugs Neutrophils and bands = Used to assess the likelihood of acute infection C-reactive protein (CRP) = Higher level indicates a higher risk for inflammation G6PD deficiency = Can trigger RBC destruction when exposed to stress, certain foods, or specific drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leukocytosis = Increase in white blood cell count Thrombocytopenia = Decrease in platelet count Agranulocytosis = Decrease in multiple cell lines (WBCs, RBCs, and platelets) Reticulocyte = Immature red blood cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) = $10-40$ units/L Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) = $10-40$ units/L Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) = $19-58$ units/L Total Bilirubin (TBili) = $0.1-1.2$ mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin = Cirrhosis and malnutrition Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) = Liver disease Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) = Liver, biliary tract, and bone disease Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) = Liver, biliary tract, and pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) = units/L Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) = units/L Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) = units/L Total Bilirubin (TBili) = mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Troponin T (TnT) and Troponin I (TnI) = Diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and N-Terminal-ProBNP (NT-proBNP) = Markers of cardiac stress Creatine Kinase (CK) and Myoglobin = Muscle injury Eosinophil count = Beneficial in COPD treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-Reactive Protein (CRP) = $0-0.5$ mg/dl Uric Acid (Males) = $3.5-7.2$ mg/dl Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) = $1-1.4$ Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) for Diabetes = $126$ mg/dl or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>C-Reactive Protein (CRP) = Used to diagnose and monitor infection/inflammation Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) = Used to assess the severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = Used with FT4 to diagnose hypothyroidism and is used alone to monitor patients being treated Uric Acid = Used in diagnosis/treatment of gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) = Average blood glucose over the past 3 months; based on attachment of glucose to hemoglobin C-Reactive Protein (CRP) = Indicates inflammation, which could be due to many conditions Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) = Measures the ratio of the BP in the lower legs to the BP in the arms Uric Acid = Used in diagnosis/treatment of gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) for Diabetes = $100-125$ mg/dl Preprandial blood glucose = $80-130$ mg/dl Postprandial blood glucose = $&lt; 180$ mg/dl Uric Acid (Females) = $2-6.5$ mg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transferrin Saturation (males) = $15-50%$ Vitamin B12 = $&gt; 200$ pg/ml Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) = $5-14$ units/gram Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT or PTT) = $70-180$ seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prothrombin Time/ International Normalized Ratio (PT/INR) = Used to monitor warfarin Reticulocyte count = Measures the amount of reticulocytes being made by the bone marrow Folate and Vitamin B12 = Ordered for further workup of macrocytic anemia Anticoagulation tests = Monitor specific drug effects of clotting and are used to monitor specific drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoietin = Monitored as part of the workup and treatment for anemia of chronic kidney disease Transferrin = Monitored as part of the workup and treatment for iron deficiency anemia Activated Clotting Time (ACT) = Used to monitor anticoagulation in the cardiac catheterization lab Platelets = Required for clot formation and can cause spontaneous bleeding when levels are low</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methotrexate = Can cause anemia due to phenytoin/fosphenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, sulfasalazine Dapsone = Can cause hemolytic anemia when the cause of hemolysis is unclear Heparin = Can cause platelet drop as a result of treatment Methyldopa = Can cause hemolytic anemia when the cause of hemolysis is unclear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (Na) = $135-145$ mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3) = Venous: $24-30$ mEq/L, Arterial: $22-26$ mEq/L Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) = $17-20$ mg/dl White Blood Cells (WBC) = $4,000-11,000$ cells/mm^3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (Na) = $135-145$ mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3) = Venous: $24-30$ mEq/L, Arterial: $22-26$ mEq/L Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) = $17-20$ mg/dl White Blood Cells (WBC) = $4,000-11,000$ cells/mm^3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemoglobin (Hgb) = Males: $13.5-18$ g/dl, Females: $12-16$ g/dl Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) = $80-100$ fl Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) = $26-34$ pg/cell Total Iron Binding Capacity = $250-400$ mcg/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium (Na) = $135-145$ mEq/L Bicarbonate (HCO3) = Venous: $24-30$ mEq/L, Arterial: $22-26$ mEq/L Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) = $17-20$ mg/dl White Blood Cells (WBC) = $4,000-11,000$ cells/mm^3$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The highest concentration of the drug in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the level before another dose is given</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warfarin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-20 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50-100 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The purpose of TDM is to obtain drug levels or other values in order to reach dosing goals, avoid toxicity, and properly dose medications in overweight and obese patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The peak level is the highest concentration the drug will reach in the blood, while the trough level is the lowest concentration the drug will reach in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The timing of drug level measurements is critical because the interpretation of drug levels can vary depending on whether the level is a trough or a peak.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lithium: 0.6-1.2 mEq/L, Phenytoin: 10-20 mcg/mL, Vancomycin: 15-20 mcg/mL for most serious infections, 10-15 mcg/mL for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-3 for most indications, 2.5-3.5 for high-risk indications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50-100 mcg/mL, up to 150 mcg/mL in some patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbamazepine = 4-12 mcg/mL Digoxin = 0.5-0.9 ng/mL Gentamicin = &lt; 2 mcg/mL Vancomycin = 15-20 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creatinine Kinase (CK) = Muscle damage or injury Sodium (Na) = Hypertonic saline or tolvaptan Hematocrit (Hct) = Anemia or dehydration Anion Gap = Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coagulation Panel = Assess the clotting ability of the blood Complete Blood Count (CBC) = Evaluate overall health or screen for certain conditions Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP) = Assess organ function and check for conditions such as diabetes, liver disease, and kidney disease Point-of-Care (POC) Tests = Rapid testing at or near the site of patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vancomycin = 15-20 mcg/mL for most serious infections Phenytoin = 1-2.5 mcg/mL for free level, 10-20 mcg/mL for total level Procainamide = 7- 5-15 mcg/mL for NAPA (procainamide active metabolite) Valproic acid = Trough:&lt; 2 mcg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Theophylline = Peak: 5- 10 mcg/mL Tobramycin = 10-30 mcg/mL Procainamide = 15-25 mcg/ mL for NAPA (procainamide active metabolite) Warfarin = Goal INR is 2-3 for most indications, use higher range (2.5-3.5) for high-risk indications</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenytoin = 1-2.5 mcg/mL for free level, 10-20 mcg/mL for total level Valproic acid = 50-100 mcg/mL (up to 150 mcg/mL in some patients) Vancomycin = Trough: 15-20 mcg/mL for most serious infections, Trough: 10- 15 mcg/ml for others Warfarin = Goal INR is 2-3 for most indications, use higher range (2.5-3.5) for high-risk indications</p> Signup and view all the answers