Crop Production Lecture 2

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Questions and Answers

What is the main goal of designing a cropping pattern?

To minimize land usage

To achieve maximum solar radiation interception (correct)

To reduce the need for pest control

To maximize the types of crops grown

Which cropping pattern allows for interculture operations in two directions?

Square pattern (correct)

Hexagonal pattern

Rectangular pattern (correct)

Triangular pattern

Which cropping pattern is known for forming a hexagon with trees planted at the corners of equilateral triangles?

Square pattern

Hexagonal pattern (correct)

Rectangular pattern

Triangular pattern

What is a major limitation of the hexagonal cropping pattern?

Cultivation is difficult as compared to square systems Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the triangular cropping pattern from the square cropping pattern?

Alternate rows are planted midway of others Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the square cropping pattern?

Plants are arranged at right angles forming squares Signup and view all the answers

Which cropping pattern would most likely minimize competition for nutrients among trees?

Triangular pattern Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an objective of creating a cropping pattern in orchards?

To ensure uniform sunlight distribution Signup and view all the answers

Which cropping system involves planting a single crop species at a time?

Mono-cropping Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crops is commonly associated with mono-cropping?

Maize Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of mono-cropping?

Higher pest and disease susceptibility Signup and view all the answers

In mixed cropping, how can crop species be arranged?

In rows or haphazardly Signup and view all the answers

How long are mono-crops typically maintained before re-planting?

25-30 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mixed cropping?

Commercial management of a single species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following companies primarily practices mono-cropping for easier management?

IOI Signup and view all the answers

Which combination exemplifies mixed cropping?

Maize and dry-land paddy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of including legumes in a rotational cropping system?

To enrich the soil with nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What type of crop is typically planted first in the rotational cropping sequence mentioned?

Maize Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of crop rotation as stated in the content?

Reduced outbreak of pests and diseases Signup and view all the answers

When are wet paddy fields typically planted according to the cropping method described?

In the rainy season Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of cash cropping in relation to perennial crops?

To provide immediate income before the main crop matures Signup and view all the answers

What role do crops with dense foliage play in crop rotation systems?

They help with weed suppression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of deep-rooted crops in rotational cropping systems?

To use nutrients available at deeper soil levels Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main crops that could be grown during the off-season in dry paddy fields?

Tobacco Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of inter-planting industrial and food crops with forest species in agro-forestry?

To maximize land use and improve soil health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT commonly used as a livestock option in the agro-forestry system?

Broiler chickens Signup and view all the answers

What is coco peat derived from?

Coconut husks Signup and view all the answers

Which growing medium is made from expanded volcanic glass?

Perlite Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of peat moss makes it unique as a growing medium?

It can take centuries to form and is found in specific environments. Signup and view all the answers

How does perlite contribute to soil health?

It promotes proper airflow and drainage. Signup and view all the answers

What is included in every pesticide formulation?

Active ingredient, inert ingredient, contaminants Signup and view all the answers

In what way does sand function as a growing medium?

By promoting proper airflow Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a method of plant disease management focused on preventing disease from entering the area?

Exclusion Signup and view all the answers

Why is agro-forestry considered beneficial in tropical rainforest areas?

It integrates various crops and livestock for sustainable land use. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following classifications represents pesticides that are very toxic?

Class Ia - Very Toxic Signup and view all the answers

Which pest management strategy involves the destruction of infected plants?

Eradication Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of blackspot disease in plants?

Black, round spots on leaves Signup and view all the answers

Which pesticide class is indicated by a red hazard symbol?

Class Ib - Toxic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of pesticide?

Detergent Signup and view all the answers

What does the resistance method in plant disease management focus on?

Planting resistant varieties Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Crop Production Overview

Learning outcomes include understanding cropping patterns, cropping systems, and plant necessities like planting medium, fertilizers, and pest control.

Cropping Pattern

Defined as the arrangement of crops within a specific land area.
Objectives include efficient resource utilization, maximum solar radiation interception, minimizing competition for nutrients and moisture, and compatibility with management practices.

Types of Cropping Patterns

Square Pattern: Most common, plants arranged at right angles, allows easy interculture operations.
Triangular Pattern: Trees planted in staggered rows, providing more open space for growth and intercrops.
Hexagonal Pattern: Trees planted at corners of equilateral triangles, accommodating 15% more trees than square pattern but harder to cultivate.
Rectangular Pattern: Trees planted in rectangular arrangements, facilitating interculture.

Cropping Systems

Systems include Mono-cropping, Mixed cropping, Rotational/Relay cropping, and Cash cropping.

Mono-Cropping

Involves planting a single crop species over an area.
Short-term crops include paddy, maize, peanuts, and legumes.
Perennial crops include rubber, oil palm, cocoa, and coffee, managed on a commercial scale for 25-30 years before replanting with improved varieties.

Mixed Cropping

Two or more crop species are planted simultaneously, arranged in alternated rows or mixed styles.
Examples include maize with dry-land paddy and peanuts with tapioca.

Rotational Cropping

One species grown in a season, followed by a different species next season.
Common cycles involve alternating crops like maize, legume crops for soil nutrient enrichment, vegetables, and deep-rooted crops.

Advantages of Crop Rotation

Reduces pest and disease outbreaks.
Provides weed control through dense crop foliage.
Enhances nutrient absorption from varied soil levels.

Cash Cropping

Short-term crops are grown among perennial/main crops to provide income before the main crop yields.

Agro-Forestry

Combines industrial crops with food crops and forest species.
Can integrate livestock and various plant types for ecological benefits.

Growing Medium

Essential for root growth and nutrient extraction; often artificial soil like peat moss or compost used in nurseries.
Common types include coco peat for drainage, perlite for aeration, peat moss for nutrient retention, and sand for airflow in garden soil.

Fertilizers and Pesticides

Fertilizers contribute nutrients essential for plant growth and development.
Pesticides are categorized into organic and chemical types, addressing various pests and diseases.

Pest Management Strategies

Exclusion: Practices to prevent pathogens and pests from entering growing areas.
Eradication: Techniques to eliminate established disease organisms through destruction and disinfection.
Protection: Use of barriers (chemical and physical) to safeguard plants from pests.
Resistance: Cultivating resistant plant varieties to minimize susceptibility to diseases.

Common Plant Diseases

Black Spot: A prevalent disease, common in roses and other ornamental plants; characterized by black spots on leaves.

Conclusion

Effective crop production relies on understanding and implementing diverse cropping patterns and systems, along with strategic plant management, fertilizers, and pest control measures.

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Description

This lecture focuses on crop production, emphasizing the cropping patterns, systems, and essential plant requirements. Students will learn how to effectively design cropping patterns for efficient land use. Gain insights into managing fertilizer and pest control as part of crop cultivation.