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Questions and Answers
What assumptions about research design are inherent in qualitative research?
What assumptions about research design are inherent in qualitative research?
What is an assumption about research value-ladenness that is consistent with a positivistic position?
What is an assumption about research value-ladenness that is consistent with a positivistic position?
What is a key characteristic of a scientific approach to knowledge creation?
What is a key characteristic of a scientific approach to knowledge creation?
Which of the following is an assumption of inductive reasoning?
Which of the following is an assumption of inductive reasoning?
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What is a common characteristic of research that aims to inform social change?
What is a common characteristic of research that aims to inform social change?
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Which assumption is most consistent with the use of formal, impersonal language in a research report?
Which assumption is most consistent with the use of formal, impersonal language in a research report?
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What is a key difference between communication and technical communication?
What is a key difference between communication and technical communication?
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What are the main assumptions of the rhetorical approach to technical communication?
What are the main assumptions of the rhetorical approach to technical communication?
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What is a key distinction between the goals of basic communication research and applied communication research?
What is a key distinction between the goals of basic communication research and applied communication research?
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In what way can reviewing previous research contribute to a study?
In what way can reviewing previous research contribute to a study?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of applied communication research?
Which of the following is a characteristic of applied communication research?
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What is a crucial element in building a theoretical framework for a study?
What is a crucial element in building a theoretical framework for a study?
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What is the primary purpose of scholarly research articles?
What is the primary purpose of scholarly research articles?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for reviewing previous research?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for reviewing previous research?
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Which of these is a technique used in basic communication research?
Which of these is a technique used in basic communication research?
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What is the most appropriate method to use for applied communication research?
What is the most appropriate method to use for applied communication research?
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Based on the provided content, what is a warrant in the context of a claim?
Based on the provided content, what is a warrant in the context of a claim?
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What is the primary difference between proprietary and scholarly research?
What is the primary difference between proprietary and scholarly research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of research, based on the provided content?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of research, based on the provided content?
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Identify the ontological assumption of the positivist approach to research.
Identify the ontological assumption of the positivist approach to research.
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Which of the following is an example of a claim?
Which of the following is an example of a claim?
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Based on the provided content, which of these is an example of backing?
Based on the provided content, which of these is an example of backing?
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What is the epistemological assumption of the naturalistic approach to research?
What is the epistemological assumption of the naturalistic approach to research?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scholarly research?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scholarly research?
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Which of the following aspects of a research article might include a discussion of how the research question or hypothesis grew out of prior research?
Which of the following aspects of a research article might include a discussion of how the research question or hypothesis grew out of prior research?
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In a research article, which section typically presents the findings in a straightforward manner, avoiding interpretations or discussions?
In a research article, which section typically presents the findings in a straightforward manner, avoiding interpretations or discussions?
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Which section of a research article provides information about the specific procedures used to collect data, including how variables were operationalized and measured?
Which section of a research article provides information about the specific procedures used to collect data, including how variables were operationalized and measured?
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What is the primary purpose of the 'Discussion' section in a research article?
What is the primary purpose of the 'Discussion' section in a research article?
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Which of the following is NOT a standard subheading within the 'Methodology' section of a research article?
Which of the following is NOT a standard subheading within the 'Methodology' section of a research article?
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What does the 'Data Treatment' subheading in the 'Methodology' section typically describe?
What does the 'Data Treatment' subheading in the 'Methodology' section typically describe?
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When discussing the 'Results' section of a research article, which of the following is TRUE?
When discussing the 'Results' section of a research article, which of the following is TRUE?
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Which section of a research article typically discusses the implications of the findings and how they contribute to the broader field of study?
Which section of a research article typically discusses the implications of the findings and how they contribute to the broader field of study?
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What is the primary purpose of the 'References' section of a research article?
What is the primary purpose of the 'References' section of a research article?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical element discussed in the 'Discussion' section of a research article?
Which of the following is NOT a typical element discussed in the 'Discussion' section of a research article?
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What is the primary function of footnotes in a research article?
What is the primary function of footnotes in a research article?
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Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable that might be studied in a research article?
Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable that might be studied in a research article?
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In a research article, which section typically discusses the limitations of the study and how they might have affected the findings?
In a research article, which section typically discusses the limitations of the study and how they might have affected the findings?
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Which of the following is MOST likely to be included in the 'Research Participants/Texts' subheading of the 'Methodology' section?
Which of the following is MOST likely to be included in the 'Research Participants/Texts' subheading of the 'Methodology' section?
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Which of the following is TRUE about the 'Procedures' subheading in the 'Methodology' section?
Which of the following is TRUE about the 'Procedures' subheading in the 'Methodology' section?
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What is the main purpose of using SPSS in research?
What is the main purpose of using SPSS in research?
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What is the primary purpose behind measuring intercoder reliability?
What is the primary purpose behind measuring intercoder reliability?
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What is the most appropriate way to address the maturation effect in a longitudinal study measuring children's reading skills?
What is the most appropriate way to address the maturation effect in a longitudinal study measuring children's reading skills?
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Which of the following scenarios is NOT a direct example of a validity threat due to researcher effects?
Which of the following scenarios is NOT a direct example of a validity threat due to researcher effects?
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What does the term 'tau-equivalent reliability' refer to?
What does the term 'tau-equivalent reliability' refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of variable used in observational research?
Which of the following is NOT a type of variable used in observational research?
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Observer ratings, as described in the content, primarily involve:
Observer ratings, as described in the content, primarily involve:
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What is the primary focus of observational research, as described in the content?
What is the primary focus of observational research, as described in the content?
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According to the content, what is a key aspect of strong research methodology in observational research?
According to the content, what is a key aspect of strong research methodology in observational research?
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Which type of variable allows for ranking data in a specific order?
Which type of variable allows for ranking data in a specific order?
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What is the main purpose of observer ratings as a research tool?
What is the main purpose of observer ratings as a research tool?
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a job demand that can be measured using observer ratings?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a job demand that can be measured using observer ratings?
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What is a potential limitation of observational research, as mentioned in the content?
What is a potential limitation of observational research, as mentioned in the content?
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Based on the content, which of the following can be observed and analyzed using observer ratings?
Based on the content, which of the following can be observed and analyzed using observer ratings?
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Flashcards
Axiological Assumption
Axiological Assumption
Role of values in the research process.
Value-free
Value-free
Research approach that aims to be unbiased and neutral.
Value-laden
Value-laden
Research that acknowledges the influence of personal values.
Methodological Assumption
Methodological Assumption
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Deduction
Deduction
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Induction
Induction
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Technical Communication
Technical Communication
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Rhetorical Assumption
Rhetorical Assumption
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Communication Research
Communication Research
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Basic Communication
Basic Communication
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Applied Communication
Applied Communication
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Goals of Basic Research
Goals of Basic Research
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Purpose of Reviewing Previous Research
Purpose of Reviewing Previous Research
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Knowledge Gaps
Knowledge Gaps
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Scholarly Research Articles
Scholarly Research Articles
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Guiding Theory in Applied Research
Guiding Theory in Applied Research
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Observer Ratings
Observer Ratings
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Observational Research
Observational Research
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Variables in Research
Variables in Research
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Nominal Variables
Nominal Variables
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Ordinal Variables
Ordinal Variables
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Discrete Variables
Discrete Variables
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Continuous Variables
Continuous Variables
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Research Methodology
Research Methodology
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Task Complexity Measurement
Task Complexity Measurement
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Behavior Analysis
Behavior Analysis
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Claim
Claim
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Evidence
Evidence
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Warrant
Warrant
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Proprietary Research
Proprietary Research
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Scholarly Research
Scholarly Research
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Ontological Assumption
Ontological Assumption
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Epistemological Assumption
Epistemological Assumption
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Positivist Approach
Positivist Approach
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Cronbach's alpha
Cronbach's alpha
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Intercoder reliability
Intercoder reliability
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Maturation effect
Maturation effect
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Sleeper effect
Sleeper effect
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Hawthorne Effect
Hawthorne Effect
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Research Question
Research Question
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Hypothesis
Hypothesis
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Methodology
Methodology
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Research Participants/Texts
Research Participants/Texts
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Procedures
Procedures
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Data Treatment
Data Treatment
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Results
Results
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Discussion
Discussion
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References
References
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Footnotes
Footnotes
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Quantitative Data
Quantitative Data
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Independent Variables
Independent Variables
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Dependent Variables
Dependent Variables
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Literature Review
Literature Review
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SPSS
SPSS
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Study Notes
Making Claims with Evidence
- Claims are assertions or conclusions, often supported by evidence.
- Evidence acts as reasoning for a claim's validity.
- Claim validity depends on evidence validity, which varies by situation.
- Warrants are unstated statements connecting claims and evidence.
- Warrants need backing, or supporting evidence, to be valid.
- A flawed warrant weakens the argument.
Ways of Knowing
- Personal experience: firsthand accounts; inaccurate judgements may arise due to limited information. Vivid personal experiences overrule generalizations.
- Intuition: believing something is true/false based on a sense of understanding. Can be unreliable in assessing probabilities.
- Authority: accepting something based on trust in a powerful source.
- Appeals to tradition: accepting something as true because it has always been that way.
Contemporary Religious Leaders
- Align faith with empirical knowledge, understanding the implications of superstition and mysticism. (Astrology, for example, lacks a scientific basis.)
Characteristics of Research
- Disciplined inquiry, allowing replication of the process.
- Based on asking questions and seeking truth.
- Research methods aim at gathering evidence to create and test explanations.
- Systematic process, using a planned, ordered investigation.
Characteristics of Research (Diagram)
- Elements of research include logical reasoning, clarity, importance, systematic investigation, well-defined, titling, and language.
Proprietary vs. Scholarly Research
- Proprietary research targets specific audiences and isn't widely shared.
- Scholarly research promotes public access to knowledge, often involving studies on persuasion, vaccines, or other vital discoveries.
Academic Cultures of Research
- Ontological Assumption: Nature of reality (positivist vs. naturalistic)
- Epistemological Assumption: Relationship between researcher and subject (independent vs. interdependent).
- Axiological Assumption: Role of values in the research process (value-free vs. value-laden).
- Methodological Assumption: Process of research (deduction/induction).
- Rhetorical Assumption: Language of research (formal vs. informal)
Definition of Communication
- Process of exchanging information through symbols, signs, or behavior.
Definition of Technical Communication
- Strategies for communicating complex information to specialized audiences, often about technical services, products, or systems.
Difference Between Basic and Applied Research
- Basic research aims to establish general principles of communication.
- Applied research aims to understand and solve specific communication problems.
- Guiding theories, methods, and techniques.
Collection, Techniques, Trail, and Evaluation
- Data collection: questionnaires, scales, measurement, statistical treatment, data validation, and hypothesis rejection.
- Trail of proposed solutions.
Review of Previous Research
- Importance of reviewing previous work to contextualize the research problem.
- Need for background information and identification of knowledge gaps.
- Development of theoretical frameworks for research.
- Gaining understanding of existing knowledge in a field.
Reading Scholarly Journal Articles/Quantitative Analysis
- Scholarly articles present new knowledge based on research experiments.
- Quantitative research uses tools to analyze data.
- This allows isolating variables and quantifying trends.
Non-Quantitative Research
- Employs interpretive techniques like content analysis and theme analysis.
- Provides context-sensitive explorations of phenomena.
- Usually presented in IMRaD format (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion).
SPSS and Inferential Statistics
- SPSS Statistics has an intuitive interface for managing and analyzing large datasets.
- Advanced statistical procedures and modeling techniques.
- Predicting customer behaviors, forecasting market trends, fraud detection and minimizing business risk.
- Optimizing organizational strategy.
Data Page, Variable Page; Variable Type
- Data page: guidance for entering data into SPSS Statistics.
- Variable page: defines the type of a variable (numeric, string, date).
Observations and Measurement
- Conceptual definitions: abstract ideas defined in relation to other abstract concepts, e.g. love.
- Operational definitions: practical definitions based on observable/measurable elements, e.g., observable behaviors that express love.
- Measurement Theory: establishing a scientific/systematic way to observe characteristics/behaviors.
- Quantitative: use numerical indicators to quantify variables.
- Qualitative: use words, symbols, or diagrams to express meaning or magnitude.
- Levels of Measurement: describe how variables are measured in research (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).
- Nominal: Classifies variables into categories.
- Ordinal: Classifies variables into categories and orders them along a scale, e.g., satisfaction level (very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, very satisfied).
- Interval: Classifies, orders, and measures equal intervals between values, e.g., temperature. Does not have a true zero point.
- Ratio: Has all characteristics of interval scales but also has a true zero point, e.g., weight.
Advantages/Disadvantages of Methods, Comparative Concepts
- Unidimensional concepts combine aspects in one dimension.
- Multidimentional concepts include more complex factors.
- Self-Reports/Surveys: common way to gather psychological factors; they are often used to analyze and report findings.
- Observer ratings: Used to measure job demands, behaviors (i.e., observer observes and rates performance).
- Observational research: systematic observation and/or recording of behaviors occurring in a particular space or time period.
Reliability and Validity
- Validity: measures what it's intended to measure.
- Reliability: shows consistent results if repeated under same conditions.
- Internal consistency: testing how well several items of a test measure a singular concept.
- Inter-rater reliability: consistency among multiple raters/observers.
- Test-retest and parallel-forms reliability: measures a test's consistency over time and across versions, respectively.
Research Effects
- History effect: outside events impact study results.
- Maturation effect: natural changes over time impact results.
- Sleeper effect: message's influence changes over time.
- Hawthorne Effect: subjects' behavior changes due to observation.
- Attrition effect: participant drop-out alters the results.
- Researcher Bias: Researcher's expectations impact results.
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Description
Explore the principles of making claims supported by evidence in this quiz. Understand the role of personal experience, intuition, authority, and tradition in shaping our beliefs. Additionally, learn how contemporary religious leaders navigate faith and knowledge.