Critical Thinking and Evidence Assessment
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Questions and Answers

What assumptions about research design are inherent in qualitative research?

  • Static design
  • Emergent design (correct)
  • Researcher-controlled setting
  • Quantitative methods
  • What is an assumption about research value-ladenness that is consistent with a positivistic position?

  • Values can be minimized in research design. (correct)
  • Researchers are driven by personal interests.
  • All research is influenced by values.
  • Values should be addressed in the context of research.
  • What is a key characteristic of a scientific approach to knowledge creation?

  • Formal language
  • Informal voice
  • Personal accounts
  • Induction reasoning (correct)
  • Which of the following is an assumption of inductive reasoning?

    <p>There are patterns in data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of research that aims to inform social change?

    <p>Context-bound findings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assumption is most consistent with the use of formal, impersonal language in a research report?

    <p>The goal is to present findings in a scientific manner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between communication and technical communication?

    <p>Technical communication focuses on technical information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main assumptions of the rhetorical approach to technical communication?

    <p>Technical communication should be tailored to the audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between the goals of basic communication research and applied communication research?

    <p>Basic communication research focuses on understanding communication phenomena, while applied communication research aims to solve specific communication problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can reviewing previous research contribute to a study?

    <p>It allows researchers to gather information about the current state of a topic and identify gaps in knowledge that require further investigation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of applied communication research?

    <p>It seeks to solve practical communication problems in real-world settings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial element in building a theoretical framework for a study?

    <p>Analyzing existing research to identify patterns and trends in communication behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of scholarly research articles?

    <p>To present new findings based on original research or experimentation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for reviewing previous research?

    <p>To determine the most influential communication theories and models. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a technique used in basic communication research?

    <p>Developing a theory to explain communication phenomena. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate method to use for applied communication research?

    <p>Observing and asking actors about events leading up to a specific communication situation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided content, what is a warrant in the context of a claim?

    <p>A statement that connects the evidence to the claim. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between proprietary and scholarly research?

    <p>Proprietary research is conducted for a specific audience, while scholarly research is meant for a wider audience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of research, based on the provided content?

    <p>Subjective interpretation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the ontological assumption of the positivist approach to research.

    <p>There is a single, objective reality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a claim?

    <p>Tutoring sessions should be mandatory for all students. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided content, which of these is an example of backing?

    <p>The university's financial records showing tuition as a major source of income. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epistemological assumption of the naturalistic approach to research?

    <p>The researcher and the phenomenon being studied are interdependent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of scholarly research?

    <p>Focus on practical applications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects of a research article might include a discussion of how the research question or hypothesis grew out of prior research?

    <p>Research Question/Hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a research article, which section typically presents the findings in a straightforward manner, avoiding interpretations or discussions?

    <p>Results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of a research article provides information about the specific procedures used to collect data, including how variables were operationalized and measured?

    <p>Methodology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Discussion' section in a research article?

    <p>To critically analyze the significance of the findings and draw conclusions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a standard subheading within the 'Methodology' section of a research article?

    <p>Limitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Data Treatment' subheading in the 'Methodology' section typically describe?

    <p>The statistical procedures used to analyze quantitative data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When discussing the 'Results' section of a research article, which of the following is TRUE?

    <p>It should be written in a way that is easy to understand, even for readers without a background in statistics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of a research article typically discusses the implications of the findings and how they contribute to the broader field of study?

    <p>Discussion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'References' section of a research article?

    <p>To acknowledge the sources of information used in the study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical element discussed in the 'Discussion' section of a research article?

    <p>A complete list of all sources cited in the article (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of footnotes in a research article?

    <p>To offer additional information or clarifications on specific points in the text (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable that might be studied in a research article?

    <p>The level of anxiety experienced by participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a research article, which section typically discusses the limitations of the study and how they might have affected the findings?

    <p>Discussion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is MOST likely to be included in the 'Research Participants/Texts' subheading of the 'Methodology' section?

    <p>Information about the characteristics and selection process of the participants or texts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about the 'Procedures' subheading in the 'Methodology' section?

    <p>It describes how the research was conducted, including the steps involved (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using SPSS in research?

    <p>To analyze and interpret large datasets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose behind measuring intercoder reliability?

    <p>To ensure that researchers are applying the same coding criteria consistently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate way to address the maturation effect in a longitudinal study measuring children's reading skills?

    <p>Use a control group that does not receive the reading program. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios is NOT a direct example of a validity threat due to researcher effects?

    <p>A significant event occurring during the study period that affects participants' responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'tau-equivalent reliability' refer to?

    <p>A reliability coefficient indicating the internal consistency of a measurement instrument. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of variable used in observational research?

    <p>Categorical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Observer ratings, as described in the content, primarily involve:

    <p>Assigning numerical scores to observed variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of observational research, as described in the content?

    <p>To identify and analyze patterns in behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is a key aspect of strong research methodology in observational research?

    <p>Ensuring consistency in data collection and interpretation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of variable allows for ranking data in a specific order?

    <p>Ordinal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of observer ratings as a research tool?

    <p>To identify and measure specific behaviors or variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a job demand that can be measured using observer ratings?

    <p>Employee morale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of observational research, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Potential for observer bias and subjectivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the content, which of the following can be observed and analyzed using observer ratings?

    <p>Level of anxiety in a public speaking situation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Axiological Assumption

    Role of values in the research process.

    Value-free

    Research approach that aims to be unbiased and neutral.

    Value-laden

    Research that acknowledges the influence of personal values.

    Methodological Assumption

    Beliefs regarding the process of conducting research.

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    Deduction

    A reasoning process moving from general principles to specific cases.

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    Induction

    A reasoning process where specific observations lead to general conclusions.

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    Technical Communication

    Strategies to convey complex information to targeted audiences.

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    Rhetorical Assumption

    Language style used in research reports, impacting tone and voice.

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    Communication Research

    Qualitative and quantitative methods to study communication phenomena.

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    Basic Communication

    Research that seeks to establish general principles of communication.

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    Applied Communication

    Research aimed at understanding specific communication problems.

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    Goals of Basic Research

    To generate theoretical principles that simplify complex communication processes.

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    Purpose of Reviewing Previous Research

    To contextualize problems and identify gaps in knowledge.

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    Knowledge Gaps

    Areas where existing research is lacking or insufficient.

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    Scholarly Research Articles

    Publications introducing new knowledge based on original research.

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    Guiding Theory in Applied Research

    Any theory that promises to improve a problematic communication situation.

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    Observer Ratings

    Scores assigned to a variable using defined measurement units.

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    Observational Research

    Systematic observation and recording of behaviors and interactions.

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    Variables in Research

    Four types: nominal, ordinal, discrete, continuous.

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    Nominal Variables

    Categories with no inherent order or ranking.

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    Ordinal Variables

    Categories with a defined order but not uniform intervals.

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    Discrete Variables

    Countable quantities often represented as whole numbers.

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    Continuous Variables

    Quantities measurable on a scale, can take any value.

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    Research Methodology

    Approaches to ensure consistent results among observers or raters.

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    Task Complexity Measurement

    Observer ratings used to assess how challenging a task is.

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    Behavior Analysis

    Using observations to understand actions in a caregiving context.

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    Claim

    An assertion or argument supported by evidence.

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    Evidence

    Data or facts that support a claim or argument.

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    Warrant

    The reasoning that connects evidence to the claim.

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    Proprietary Research

    Research conducted for a specific audience and kept private.

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    Scholarly Research

    Research aimed at public access to knowledge and academic sharing.

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    Ontological Assumption

    Beliefs about the nature of reality in research.

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    Epistemological Assumption

    Beliefs about the relationship between the researcher and the subject.

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    Positivist Approach

    Research emphasizing objective, singular reality.

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    Cronbach's alpha

    A reliability coefficient measuring internal consistency among items in a test.

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    Intercoder reliability

    Measurement of agreement among researchers coding the same dataset.

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    Maturation effect

    Behavior changes in participants due to aging over time, not the treatment.

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    Sleeper effect

    A phenomenon where a persuasive message gains acceptance over time.

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    Hawthorne Effect

    Change in behavior caused by awareness of being observed.

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    Research Question

    The question guiding a research study, derived from literature review.

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    Hypothesis

    A proposed explanation that can be tested through research.

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    Methodology

    Explains how research is conducted, including design and procedures.

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    Research Participants/Texts

    The entities or subjects used in the research study.

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    Procedures

    Steps taken to conduct the research and gather data.

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    Data Treatment

    Methods used for analyzing quantitative data in research.

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    Results

    Findings of a research study presented objectively.

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    Discussion

    Interpretation of the results and their significance.

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    References

    A list of all sources cited in the study.

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    Footnotes

    Explanations of material mentioned, for deeper understanding.

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    Quantitative Data

    Numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically.

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    Independent Variables

    Factors that are manipulated in an experiment.

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    Dependent Variables

    Factors that are measured to see if they change due to manipulations.

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    Literature Review

    A summary of existing research related to the study topic.

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    SPSS

    Software used for managing and analyzing large data sets in research.

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    Study Notes

    Making Claims with Evidence

    • Claims are assertions or conclusions, often supported by evidence.
    • Evidence acts as reasoning for a claim's validity.
    • Claim validity depends on evidence validity, which varies by situation.
    • Warrants are unstated statements connecting claims and evidence.
    • Warrants need backing, or supporting evidence, to be valid.
    • A flawed warrant weakens the argument.

    Ways of Knowing

    • Personal experience: firsthand accounts; inaccurate judgements may arise due to limited information. Vivid personal experiences overrule generalizations.
    • Intuition: believing something is true/false based on a sense of understanding. Can be unreliable in assessing probabilities.
    • Authority: accepting something based on trust in a powerful source.
    • Appeals to tradition: accepting something as true because it has always been that way.

    Contemporary Religious Leaders

    • Align faith with empirical knowledge, understanding the implications of superstition and mysticism. (Astrology, for example, lacks a scientific basis.)

    Characteristics of Research

    • Disciplined inquiry, allowing replication of the process.
    • Based on asking questions and seeking truth.
    • Research methods aim at gathering evidence to create and test explanations.
    • Systematic process, using a planned, ordered investigation.

    Characteristics of Research (Diagram)

    • Elements of research include logical reasoning, clarity, importance, systematic investigation, well-defined, titling, and language.

    Proprietary vs. Scholarly Research

    • Proprietary research targets specific audiences and isn't widely shared.
    • Scholarly research promotes public access to knowledge, often involving studies on persuasion, vaccines, or other vital discoveries.

    Academic Cultures of Research

    • Ontological Assumption: Nature of reality (positivist vs. naturalistic)
    • Epistemological Assumption: Relationship between researcher and subject (independent vs. interdependent).
    • Axiological Assumption: Role of values in the research process (value-free vs. value-laden).
    • Methodological Assumption: Process of research (deduction/induction).
    • Rhetorical Assumption: Language of research (formal vs. informal)

    Definition of Communication

    • Process of exchanging information through symbols, signs, or behavior.

    Definition of Technical Communication

    • Strategies for communicating complex information to specialized audiences, often about technical services, products, or systems.

    Difference Between Basic and Applied Research

    • Basic research aims to establish general principles of communication.
    • Applied research aims to understand and solve specific communication problems.
    • Guiding theories, methods, and techniques.

    Collection, Techniques, Trail, and Evaluation

    • Data collection: questionnaires, scales, measurement, statistical treatment, data validation, and hypothesis rejection.
    • Trail of proposed solutions.

    Review of Previous Research

    • Importance of reviewing previous work to contextualize the research problem.
    • Need for background information and identification of knowledge gaps.
    • Development of theoretical frameworks for research.
    • Gaining understanding of existing knowledge in a field.

    Reading Scholarly Journal Articles/Quantitative Analysis

    • Scholarly articles present new knowledge based on research experiments.
    • Quantitative research uses tools to analyze data.
    • This allows isolating variables and quantifying trends.

    Non-Quantitative Research

    • Employs interpretive techniques like content analysis and theme analysis.
    • Provides context-sensitive explorations of phenomena.
    • Usually presented in IMRaD format (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion).

    SPSS and Inferential Statistics

    • SPSS Statistics has an intuitive interface for managing and analyzing large datasets.
    • Advanced statistical procedures and modeling techniques.
    • Predicting customer behaviors, forecasting market trends, fraud detection and minimizing business risk.
    • Optimizing organizational strategy.

    Data Page, Variable Page; Variable Type

    • Data page: guidance for entering data into SPSS Statistics.
    • Variable page: defines the type of a variable (numeric, string, date).

    Observations and Measurement

    • Conceptual definitions: abstract ideas defined in relation to other abstract concepts, e.g. love.
    • Operational definitions: practical definitions based on observable/measurable elements, e.g., observable behaviors that express love.
    • Measurement Theory: establishing a scientific/systematic way to observe characteristics/behaviors.
    • Quantitative: use numerical indicators to quantify variables.
    • Qualitative: use words, symbols, or diagrams to express meaning or magnitude.
    • Levels of Measurement: describe how variables are measured in research (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio).
    • Nominal: Classifies variables into categories.
    • Ordinal: Classifies variables into categories and orders them along a scale, e.g., satisfaction level (very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, very satisfied).
    • Interval: Classifies, orders, and measures equal intervals between values, e.g., temperature. Does not have a true zero point.
    • Ratio: Has all characteristics of interval scales but also has a true zero point, e.g., weight.

    Advantages/Disadvantages of Methods, Comparative Concepts

    • Unidimensional concepts combine aspects in one dimension.
    • Multidimentional concepts include more complex factors.
    • Self-Reports/Surveys: common way to gather psychological factors; they are often used to analyze and report findings.
    • Observer ratings: Used to measure job demands, behaviors (i.e., observer observes and rates performance).
    • Observational research: systematic observation and/or recording of behaviors occurring in a particular space or time period.

    Reliability and Validity

    • Validity: measures what it's intended to measure.
    • Reliability: shows consistent results if repeated under same conditions.
    • Internal consistency: testing how well several items of a test measure a singular concept.
    • Inter-rater reliability: consistency among multiple raters/observers.
    • Test-retest and parallel-forms reliability: measures a test's consistency over time and across versions, respectively.

    Research Effects

    • History effect: outside events impact study results.
    • Maturation effect: natural changes over time impact results.
    • Sleeper effect: message's influence changes over time.
    • Hawthorne Effect: subjects' behavior changes due to observation.
    • Attrition effect: participant drop-out alters the results.
    • Researcher Bias: Researcher's expectations impact results.

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