Critical Reading and Note-Taking Quiz

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What is the main difference between quantitative and qualitative research approaches?

Quantitative approaches focus on numerical data, while qualitative approaches focus on textual data.

Quantitative approaches are used in psychology, while qualitative approaches are used in sociology.

Quantitative approaches involve experiments, while qualitative approaches involve surveys.

Quantitative approaches use statistical tests to analyze data, while qualitative approaches do not. (correct)

What is the first step in the quantitative research process?

Define a research question (correct)

Interpret the outcome of statistical tests

Apply statistical tests

Collect numerical data

Which statistical tests are mentioned as part of the quantitative research process?

Chi-square test, factor analysis, content analysis

Correlations, regressions, t-tests, ANOVA (correct)

Observational study, case-control study, cohort study

Descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, grounded theory

What do we obtain from statistical tests that allow us to make decisions about the research question?

Effect size Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is involved in quantitative research?

Numerical data Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of behavior and psychological functioning is explored using research in psychology?

Cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of applying statistical tests in quantitative research?

To describe patterns and relationships in the data Signup and view all the answers

In quantitative research, what do we use to test hypotheses, models, and other types of predictions?

Statistical tests Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of statistics in decision-making in research?

To make decisions about the research question Signup and view all the answers

Which type of study involves collecting and analyzing numerical data?

Experimental study Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of quantitative research methods?

Describing patterns and relationships in numerical data Signup and view all the answers

Which type of analysis is not part of the statistical tests mentioned in the text?

Thematic analysis Signup and view all the answers

What does a p-value represent?

A probability Signup and view all the answers

In Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST), what does a p-value less than α indicate?

The test is statistically significant Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in NHST?

To state that there is no effect Signup and view all the answers

What does the sampling error refer to?

The difference between observed sample statistic and actual population parameter Signup and view all the answers

What does the mean of the sampling distribution estimate?

The true population parameter Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sampling distribution as the sample size increases?

It becomes closer to normal in shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an effect size measure like Cohen’s d?

To quantify the magnitude of observed differences Signup and view all the answers

What does an α-value represent in statistical testing?

The significance level Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the p-value and the α-value in statistical testing?

Comparison of p-value to α-value determines statistical significance Signup and view all the answers

What does the population parameter refer to?

Characteristics of the entire population Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the mean of the sampling distribution?

It estimates the population parameter Signup and view all the answers

What does the effect size measure r2 indicate?

The proportion of variance explained Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of an event occurring if p = 0.75?

75% Signup and view all the answers

In NHST, if the p-value is less than the α-value, what conclusion can be drawn?

The null hypothesis is rejected Signup and view all the answers

What does the p-value represent in relation to statistical tests?

Probability of observing a correlation as strong as found in the sample if the true population correlation was zero Signup and view all the answers

What does the mean of the sampling distribution provide a good estimate of?

Population parameter Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in NHST?

To state there is no effect Signup and view all the answers

What does an effect size measure like Cohen’s d tell us about?

Magnitude of observed differences Signup and view all the answers

What does the sampling error refer to?

Difference between observed sample statistic and the actual population parameter Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the sample size and the sampling distribution?

As sample size increases, the sampling distribution becomes closer to normal Signup and view all the answers

What does the p-value represent if it equals 1?

100% Signup and view all the answers

What is the interpretive framework in which the majority of statistical analysis occurs in quantitative psychological research?

Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) Signup and view all the answers

What does the population parameter refer to?

True characteristic of the population Signup and view all the answers

What does the larger sample size lead to in terms of sampling error?

Decreases the degree of sampling error Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative research approaches?

Quantitative research uses statistical tests to analyze numerical data, while qualitative research focuses on non-numeric data and in-depth understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'effect size' refer to in statistical analysis?

Effect size measures the strength of the relationship between variables, independent of sample size. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)?

The null hypothesis serves as a baseline assumption to be tested against the alternative hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sampling error' refer to in quantitative research?

Sampling error reflects the discrepancy between a sample statistic and the population parameter. Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is involved in quantitative research?

Quantitative research involves numerical data that can be quantified and statistically analyzed. Signup and view all the answers

What does a p-value less than the α-value indicate in statistical testing?

A p-value less than the α-value suggests that the null hypothesis should be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the interpretive framework in which the majority of statistical analysis occurs in quantitative psychological research?

The interpretive framework in quantitative psychological research is based on probability theory and inferential statistics. Signup and view all the answers

What does the mean of the sampling distribution provide a good estimate of in statistical analysis?

The mean of the sampling distribution provides a good estimate of the population parameter. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the sampling distribution as the sample size increases in quantitative research?

As the sample size increases, the sampling distribution becomes narrower and more closely approximates the population distribution. Signup and view all the answers

Critical Reading and Note-Taking Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between quantitative and qualitative research approaches?

What is the first step in the quantitative research process?

Which statistical tests are mentioned as part of the quantitative research process?

What do we obtain from statistical tests that allow us to make decisions about the research question?

What type of data is involved in quantitative research?

Which aspect of behavior and psychological functioning is explored using research in psychology?

What is the purpose of applying statistical tests in quantitative research?

In quantitative research, what do we use to test hypotheses, models, and other types of predictions?

What is the role of statistics in decision-making in research?

Which type of study involves collecting and analyzing numerical data?

What is the focus of quantitative research methods?

Which type of analysis is not part of the statistical tests mentioned in the text?

What does a p-value represent?

In Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST), what does a p-value less than α indicate?

What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in NHST?

What does the sampling error refer to?

What does the mean of the sampling distribution estimate?

What happens to the sampling distribution as the sample size increases?

What is the purpose of an effect size measure like Cohen’s d?

What does an α-value represent in statistical testing?

What is the relationship between the p-value and the α-value in statistical testing?

What does the population parameter refer to?

What is the significance of the mean of the sampling distribution?

What does the effect size measure r2 indicate?

What is the probability of an event occurring if p = 0.75?

In NHST, if the p-value is less than the α-value, what conclusion can be drawn?

What does the p-value represent in relation to statistical tests?

What does the mean of the sampling distribution provide a good estimate of?

What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in NHST?

What does an effect size measure like Cohen’s d tell us about?

What does the sampling error refer to?

What is the relationship between the sample size and the sampling distribution?

What does the p-value represent if it equals 1?

What is the interpretive framework in which the majority of statistical analysis occurs in quantitative psychological research?

What does the population parameter refer to?

What does the larger sample size lead to in terms of sampling error?

What is the primary difference between quantitative and qualitative research approaches?

What does the term 'effect size' refer to in statistical analysis?

What is the purpose of the null hypothesis in Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)?

What does the term 'sampling error' refer to in quantitative research?

What type of data is involved in quantitative research?

What does a p-value less than the α-value indicate in statistical testing?

What is the interpretive framework in which the majority of statistical analysis occurs in quantitative psychological research?

What does the mean of the sampling distribution provide a good estimate of in statistical analysis?

What happens to the sampling distribution as the sample size increases in quantitative research?

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