CRISPR and Drug Development Concepts Quiz

<p>To assess the safety and side effects of the drug in healthy individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cpf1 is more specific than Cas9 and introduces staggered cuts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide an immune defense against invading bacteriophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Homologous sequences provide a template for the 5' exonuclease to create single-stranded overhangs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preclinical Pharmacology Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The action of an enzyme that removes nucleotides from the ends of a DNA strand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restriction endonuclease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spacer regions are derived from past bacteriophage infections, providing a memory of the phage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To align the fragments in the correct order for ligation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether the bacteriophage has infected this bacterial lineage before (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To join the DNA fragments together after the overhangs have annealed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gRNA guides Cas9 to the specific target sequence on the DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biohackers are typically not affiliated with universities or research institutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspirin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the drug in a large group of patients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A short DNA sequence that allows the Cas9 protein to bind to the target DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assess the toxicity of the drug in animals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HDR uses a template to repair the break, while NHEJ does not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A protein that is synthesized in a laboratory and used to treat a disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CRISPR/Cas9 can sometimes introduce unintended mutations at off-target sites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subunit vaccines may cause the recipient to develop an allergic reaction to the purified protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subunit vaccines do not carry the risk of infecting recipients with the pathogen they are designed to protect against. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The HPV vaccine, Gardasil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptide vaccines are too short to be recognized by the immune system on their own. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difficulty in isolating and purifying the desired antigens for subunit vaccines makes it challenging to produce. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linking multiple copies of the peptide to a carrier protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subunit vaccines may not elicit a strong enough immune response, leading to lower efficacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purified cholera toxin protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enables the production of large quantities of the therapeutic protein. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetically modifying the drug's target cells to enhance its uptake. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the protein's stability, solubility, and resistance to aggregation, extending its half-life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recombinant interferons are often designed to be more potent and stable than natural interferons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stimulate the production of antiviral proteins in neighboring cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dimerization typically increases the protein's stability and reduces its susceptibility to degradation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To combine fragments from different interferon genes, creating a hybrid therapeutic with improved efficacy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating a new type of vaccine by combining different viral antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A macrophage engulfs and breaks down foreign proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bind and present antigen fragments to T cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells activate other immune cells, like B cells and cytotoxic T cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injecting the antigen of interest into a host animal to induce an immune response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HAT media selectively inhibits the growth of myeloma cells, allowing only hybridomas to survive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hybrid cell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polyclonal antibodies are produced by multiple types of B cells, while monoclonal antibodies are produced by a single type of B cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PEG acts as a fusion agent, promoting the fusion of B cells with myeloma cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An enzyme that removes nucleotides from the ends of a DNA strand.

Unpaired nucleotides at the 3’ end of DNA fragments after exonuclease action.

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments by sealing nicks to form a continuous strand.

A protein administered to treat a specific disease or condition.

Herceptin, a monoclonal antibody for breast cancer treatment.

Antibodies are the most prevalent type of protein therapeutics.

Initial phase focused on identifying and screening compounds for therapeutic activity.

Trials testing the safety of a drug on healthy humans to find safe dosages.

A bacterial immune system that defends against bacteriophages.

Composed of variable spacer regions and repeat regions, derived from past infections.

RNA fragments transcribed from the CRISPR array that guide Cas9.

An enzyme that cleaves DNA at specific sites, guided by crRNA.

Short sequences in DNA that Cas9 recognizes to initiate cleavage.

A precise DNA repair mechanism using a template for accuracy.

A repair process that joins broken DNA ends without a template.

Guide RNA that directs Cas9 to the target DNA sequence for editing.

A method to genetically modify organisms to produce proteins.

Benefits of using recombinant technology: large quantities, low cost, easy variants, reproducibility.

Proteins used to treat viral infections, produced using recombinant technology.

Interferon created from combining fragments of natural interferons to enhance efficacy.

The time required for the concentration of a drug to reduce to half its initial value.

Attachment of polyethylene glycol to drugs to enhance half-life by reducing clearance.

The process of joining two therapeutic molecules to decrease degradation and increase half-life.

FokI domains cause double-strand DNA breaks when aligned on opposite strands.

Cas9 with one inactive nuclease domain that introduces single-strand breaks.

Changing gRNA to 20 nt with a GG motif increases CRISPR cleavage specificity.

An advanced CRISPR system using Cpf1, introducing staggered DNA cuts.

Individuals utilizing biotechnology independently of formal research.

A method for scarless assembly of DNA fragments in a single reaction.

Primers add homologous sequences for DNA fragments assembly.

Contains enzymes like exonuclease, polymerase, and ligase for assembly.

Process by which the immune system recognizes foreign proteins through macrophage activity.

Macrophages phagocytose proteins from the extracellular environment for processing.

Proteins are processed in the endosome to create smaller fragments called epitopes.

MHCs bind protein fragments and transport them to the cell membrane for T-cell recognition.

When T cells bind to epitopes, they release cytokines and undergo gene expression changes.

A hybridoma is formed by fusing a plasma cell and a myeloma cell to produce immortal antibodies.

Steps to produce mAbs include inoculation, cell harvesting, fusion, and screening.

HAT media selects for hybridomas by allowing only cells with HGPRT to survive.

Subunit vaccines eliminate the risk of live pathogen infection and reduce undesirable side effects by using purified proteins.

Disadvantages include potential ineffectiveness due to altered protein conformation and high production costs due to low yields.

This vaccine immunizes with a part of the glycoprotein D from the herpes simplex virus type 1.

Immunizes using four inactivated strains of V. cholerae and a recombinant toxin B subunit.

Uses the external portion of the spike protein (192 aa) to confer immunity against SARS.

Immunizes against four HPV strains using L1 capsid proteins that form virus-like particles.

Peptides of 10-20 amino acids are often too short to be recognized by the immune system, needing carrier proteins for effectiveness.

Subunit vaccines can create strong selective pressure, promoting the emergence of pathogen mutants that evade the immune response.