6 Questions
What are the three main categories of crime causation theories, and what are some examples of each?
The three main categories are biological, psychological, and sociological. Biological theories include genetic predisposition and physiological factors, psychological theories include personality traits and learning theories, and sociological theories include social structure and cultural deviance.
What are the three main components of the criminal justice system, and what are their primary functions?
The three main components are law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Law enforcement focuses on policing and making arrests, courts focus on trial and sentencing, and corrections focus on imprisonment, probation, and parole.
What are the main differences between traditional policing and community-oriented policing strategies?
Traditional policing is reactive and focuses on responding to crimes, whereas community-oriented policing is proactive and focuses on building relationships and addressing root causes of crime.
What are the primary differences between violent crime, property crime, and public order crime?
Violent crime involves physical harm, property crime involves theft or damage, and public order crime involves disorderly conduct or other offenses that disrupt public order.
What is the primary goal of situational crime prevention, and how is it achieved?
The primary goal is to prevent crime by reducing opportunities and increasing the risk of detection, achieved through target hardening, access control, and deflecting offenders.
What is the main difference between social crime prevention and environmental crime prevention?
Social crime prevention focuses on addressing social and economic factors that contribute to crime, whereas environmental crime prevention focuses on designing and manipulating the physical environment to prevent crime.
Study Notes
Crime Causation
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Biological Theories:
- Genetic predisposition to criminal behavior
- Physiological factors (e.g., brain structure, hormone levels)
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Psychological Theories:
- Personality traits (e.g., impulsivity, narcissism)
- Learning theories (e.g., social learning, differential association)
-
Sociological Theories:
- Social structure (e.g., poverty, inequality)
- Cultural deviance (e.g., cultural norms, values)
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Interactionist Theories:
- Labeling theory (e.g., deviance amplification)
- Conflict theory (e.g., power imbalance, social control)
Criminal Justice Systems
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Components:
- Law enforcement (police)
- Courts (trial, sentencing)
- Corrections (prisons, probation, parole)
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Types:
- Retributive justice (punishment-focused)
- Restorative justice (victim-centered, rehabilitation-focused)
- Distributive justice (fairness-focused)
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Goals:
- Punishment and retribution
- Deterrence
- Rehabilitation and reintegration
- Restitution and compensation
Policing Strategies
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Traditional Policing:
- Reactive, incident-driven approach
- Focus on responding to crimes, making arrests
-
Community-Oriented Policing:
- Proactive, community-focused approach
- Building relationships, addressing root causes
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Problem-Oriented Policing:
- Analyzing and addressing underlying problems
- Collaborating with community, other agencies
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Intelligence-Led Policing:
- Using data, intelligence to inform policing strategies
- Targeting high-risk offenders, areas
Types of Crime
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Violent Crime:
- Homicide, assault, robbery, sexual assault
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Property Crime:
- Theft, burglary, vandalism, arson
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Public Order Crime:
- Disorderly conduct, vagrancy, prostitution
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White-Collar Crime:
- Fraud, embezzlement, corporate crime
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Cybercrime:
- Hacking, identity theft, online fraud
Crime Prevention
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Situational Crime Prevention:
- Target hardening (e.g., security cameras, alarms)
- Access control (e.g., gates, fencing)
- Deflecting offenders (e.g., displacement, diffusion)
-
Social Crime Prevention:
- Community-based programs (e.g., youth mentorship, job training)
- Social skills training, education
- Family, parental support
-
Environmental Crime Prevention:
- Urban design, architecture (e.g., crime prevention through environmental design)
- Lighting, landscaping, surveillance
- Community engagement, participation
Explore the different theories of crime causation, components of criminal justice systems, policing strategies, types of crime, and crime prevention methods. Test your knowledge of criminology concepts and understand the complexities of crime and justice.
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