Criminology: Theories of Deviance

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What is the critique of functionalist theories on crime by Cohen, Cloward, and Ohlin?

They emphasize the importance of labeling in deviant behavior
They assume universal acceptance of middle-class values (correct)
They underestimate the impact of socioeconomic factors on deviance
They overlook the role of socialization in deviant behavior

What is the main idea behind Richard A. Cloward and Lloyd E. Ohlin's theory on deviance?

Deviance arises from the rejection of middle-class values
Deviance is a result of blocked opportunities leading to deviant values (correct)
Deviance is inherent in certain groups
Deviance is a product of social learning through interactions

What is the focus of interactionist sociologists when it comes to deviance?

The role of socialization in deviant behavior
The impact of socioeconomic factors on deviance
The inherent deviance in certain behaviors
How behaviors become labeled as deviant (correct)

What is the meaning of 'differential' in Edwin H. Sutherland's differential association theory?

The ratio of deviant to conventional social contacts (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between conformity and deviance, according to Cohen, Cloward, and Ohlin?

Individuals follow rules when opportunities exist and break them when they don't (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind Albert Cohen's subcultural theory?

Collective responses within subcultures are the main cause of crime (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of social learning in Edwin H. Sutherland's differential association theory?

Deviance is learned through socialization with primary groups (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism of functionalist theories on crime regarding aspirations?

They caution against assuming that poorer communities aspire to same values as affluent ones (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of theory views crime as a result of an imbalance between impulses towards criminal activity and social/physical controls?

Control Theory (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main emphasis of Conflict Theorists when analyzing crime and deviance?

Social structure and preservation of power (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the bonds linking people to society and law-abiding behavior according to Travis Hirschi's Control Theory?

Deprivation (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Conflict Theory, what is the role of laws in maintaining social order?

They serve the powerful to maintain privileged positions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of weak bonds according to Control Theory?

Delinquency and deviant behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of theory views crime as a result of power imbalance and competing interests among social groups?

Conflict Theory (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Conflict Theory in terms of crime and deviance?

Social structure and preservation of power (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of strong bonds according to Control Theory?

Social control and conformity (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does labeling theory suggest about the nature of deviance?

Deviance arises from cultural norms and social reactions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the initial act of transgression in labeling theory?

Primary deviance (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which criticism of labeling theory questions its explanation for increased deviant behavior post-labeling?

It fails to explain how labeling increases deviant behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does conflict theory view deviant behavior?

As a deliberate and often political response to inequalities (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in labeling theory involves an individual accepting a deviant label and acting accordingly?

Secondary deviance (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to differential association, when do individuals become deviant?

When exposed to higher levels of deviant influences than conventional ones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one key criticism of labeling theory?

It fails to acknowledge that some acts are seen as universally deviant (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is deviance seen according to socially constructed deviance?

As a socially constructed phenomenon (A) Signup and view all the answers