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Questions and Answers
What is Neurasthenia?
What is Neurasthenia?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Forensics?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Forensics?
DR. EDMUND LOCARD
Anxiety is characterized by feelings of pain, hurt, and rejection.
Anxiety is characterized by feelings of pain, hurt, and rejection.
False
___ is the largest branch of forensic science directed toward the recognition, identification, and evaluation.
___ is the largest branch of forensic science directed toward the recognition, identification, and evaluation.
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Match the following theories with their proponents:
Match the following theories with their proponents:
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Who conducts preliminary investigations to determine if there is sufficient ground to proceed with a criminal case?
Who conducts preliminary investigations to determine if there is sufficient ground to proceed with a criminal case?
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Bail is a security given to guarantee the appearance of a person before any court as required.
Bail is a security given to guarantee the appearance of a person before any court as required.
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The ________ is an authority of the court to hear and decide on a specific offense.
The ________ is an authority of the court to hear and decide on a specific offense.
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Match the following legal terms with their meanings:
Match the following legal terms with their meanings:
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Define 'Due Process of Law.'
Define 'Due Process of Law.'
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Who is known as the Father of Modern Criminology?
Who is known as the Father of Modern Criminology?
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The Classical School of criminology presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors outside of the individual's control.
The Classical School of criminology presumes that criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors outside of the individual's control.
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What is victimology?
What is victimology?
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_____ is the science of fingerprint analysis.
_____ is the science of fingerprint analysis.
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Match the following schools of thought with their characteristics:
Match the following schools of thought with their characteristics:
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What is the definition of 'Deviance'?
What is the definition of 'Deviance'?
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Norms are rules that dictate what people should think or do.
Norms are rules that dictate what people should think or do.
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What does 'Mens Rea' refer to in the context of a crime?
What does 'Mens Rea' refer to in the context of a crime?
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For a crime to occur, there must be an external consequence or harm, which is known as ________.
For a crime to occur, there must be an external consequence or harm, which is known as ________.
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Match the following criminal classifications with their descriptions:
Match the following criminal classifications with their descriptions:
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Who is considered the Father of Forensic Science?
Who is considered the Father of Forensic Science?
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Rarity tends to decrease the quality of physical evidence.
Rarity tends to decrease the quality of physical evidence.
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Dr. Hans Gross is known as the 'Father of __________.'
Dr. Hans Gross is known as the 'Father of __________.'
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What is the concept stated by Locard's exchange principle?
What is the concept stated by Locard's exchange principle?
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Match the blood components with their descriptions:
Match the blood components with their descriptions:
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What is the inner terminus or approximate center of a fingerprint pattern called?
What is the inner terminus or approximate center of a fingerprint pattern called?
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Latent prints are defined as the markings of oily matter or perspiration from the skin glands left upon the surface that the hands and fingers may have touched.
Latent prints are defined as the markings of oily matter or perspiration from the skin glands left upon the surface that the hands and fingers may have touched.
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What is the technique effective for detecting fresh finger marks on most paper surfaces and untreated wood?
What is the technique effective for detecting fresh finger marks on most paper surfaces and untreated wood?
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What does Descriptive Toxicology involve?
What does Descriptive Toxicology involve?
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Define Risk in toxicology.
Define Risk in toxicology.
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Forensic Toxicology primarily deals with the safety evaluation of chemicals.
Forensic Toxicology primarily deals with the safety evaluation of chemicals.
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A substance that causes death or injury when introduced in sufficient amounts into a living organism is called a ________.
A substance that causes death or injury when introduced in sufficient amounts into a living organism is called a ________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the primary role of police officers in enforcing laws?
What is the primary role of police officers in enforcing laws?
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The communication process from source or sender to receiver can be affected by noise.
The communication process from source or sender to receiver can be affected by noise.
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What is one of the key responsibilities of police officers during emergencies?
What is one of the key responsibilities of police officers during emergencies?
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Police officers are often free to choose among alternative courses of action or inaction due to their __________.
Police officers are often free to choose among alternative courses of action or inaction due to their __________.
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Match the following types of patrol with their descriptions:
Match the following types of patrol with their descriptions:
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What does the term 'Transnational crime' refer to?
What does the term 'Transnational crime' refer to?
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What is the main difference between the Adversarial System and Inquisitorial Systems in terms of the accused?
What is the main difference between the Adversarial System and Inquisitorial Systems in terms of the accused?
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What does 'Genocide' refer to? It refers to destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or _____ group.
What does 'Genocide' refer to? It refers to destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or _____ group.
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Match the following policing systems with their descriptions:
Match the following policing systems with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Introduction to Criminology
- Criminology: the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes (Edwin Sutherland)
- Raffaele Garofalo coined the term criminology
- Paul Topinard used it for the first time in French
- Cesare Beccaria: Author of "Crime and Punishment" (1764)
- Cesare Lombroso: Father of Modern Criminology, founder of criminal anthropology, Italian prison doctor working in the late 19th century
- Enrico Ferri: student of Lombroso, believed social and biological factors played a role in crime
- Adolphe Quetelet: used data and statistical analysis to understand the relationship between crime and sociological factors
- Edwin Sutherland: suggested people learn criminal behavior from older, experienced criminals
Branches of Criminology
- Criminal Demography: study of relationship between criminality and population
- Criminal Epidemiology: study of the relationship between environmental factors and crime
- Criminal Ecology: study of criminality in relation to spatial distribution in a community
- Criminal Physical Anthropology: study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of individuals
- Criminal Psychology: study of human behavior in relation to criminality
- Criminal Psychiatry: study of the human mind in relation to criminality
- Victimology: study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime
- Dactyloscopy: Science of Fingerprint
- Polygraphy: Science of lie detection examination
- Ballistics: study of firearms and bullets
Schools of Thought
- Classical School: assumes people have free will to choose their actions, ignores irrationality and unconscious drives
- Deterrence is based on the utilitarian notion of the human being a hedonist who seeks pleasure and avoids pain
- Positivist School: presumes criminal behavior is caused by internal and external factors outside of individual control
- Introduced the scientific method to study human behavior
- Broken down into biological, psychological, and social positivism
- Chicago School: sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities
- Results in social disorganization, reducing the ability of institutions to control behavior, creating an environment ripe for deviant behavior
Criminal Law
- Defined as that branch of public law which defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their punishment
- Characteristics of Criminal Law:
- General in application
- Territorial in character
- Specific and definite
- Prospective
- Classification of Crimes:
- By manner of commission
- By stage of commission
- By plurality of crimes
- By gravity of penalty or offense
Classification of Criminals
- Acute criminals: commit crimes due to impulse, fit of passion, or extreme jealousy
- Chronic criminals: deliberate thinking and planning
- Normal criminals: resemble normal individuals, but identify with criminal prototypes
- Ordinary criminals: lowest form in the criminal career, engaging in conventional crimes
- Organized criminals: highly organized and skilled, able to commit crimes without detection
- Professional criminals: highly skilled, able to obtain considerable amount of money without detection
- Accidental criminals: commit crimes due to unanticipated circumstances
- Situational criminals: not actually criminals, but commit crimes due to a given situation
- Habitual criminals: continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons
- Active-aggressive criminals: commit crimes in an impulsive manner
- Passive-inadequate criminals: commit crimes due to inducement, reward, or promise without considering the consequences
- Socialized criminals: normal in behavior, but inadequate and defective in socialized process
The Three Parts of Human Psyche (Personality)
- ID: unconscious portion of personality, driven by pleasure and inborn impulses
- Ego: rational part of personality, grows from ID
- Super Ego: conscience of man### Children in Conflict with the Law
- A child in conflict with the law refers to a child who is alleged, accused, or adjudged to have committed an offense under Philippine laws.
- A child at risk is vulnerable to committing criminal offenses due to personal, family, and social circumstances.
Intervention and Diversion Program
- Intervention refers to a series of activities addressing issues that led a child to commit an offense.
- Diversion program is a program a child in conflict with the law undergoes after being found responsible for an offense, without resorting to formal court proceedings.
Rights of the Child and Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility
- RA 9344 Section 5 refers to the rights of the child in conflict with the law.
- RA 9344 Section 6 refers to the minimum age of criminal responsibility.
Arrest, Search Warrant, and Exclusionary Rule
- Arrest refers to taking a person into custody.
- Search warrant is an order in writing issued by a judge and directed to a peace officer.
- Warrantless arrest is allowed under Section 5, Rule 113.
- Plain View Doctrine allows an officer to seize evidence and contraband in plain view during a lawful observation.
- Exclusionary Rule excludes unlawfully obtained evidence against the accused.
Criminal Investigation and Professionalism
- Criminal investigation deals with identifying and locating the offender and gathering evidence of guilt.
- An investigator is responsible for carrying out the objectives of an investigation.
- Professionalism in investigation requires integrity, persistence, self-driven, problem-solving, reliable, and courageous qualities.
Crime Prevention and Theories of Crime Causation
- Crime prevention is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of crime risk, and the initiation of action to remove or reduce it.
- Criminology is the scientific study of crime.
- Criminology etiology analyzes the causes of crime.
- Sociology of law examines the development of penal laws as a process of formal social control.
- Penology is concerned with the rehabilitation and treatment of offenders.
Elements of Crime
- Harm refers to the external consequence of an act or omission.
- Legality requires that the harm must be forbidden by law.
- Actus reus refers to criminal conduct.
- Mens rea refers to criminal intent or guilty mind.
- Causation refers to the causal relationship between the actus reus and mens rea.
- Concurrence requires that the actus reus and mens rea occur together.
- Punishment requires a statutory provision for punishment or at least the threat of punishment.
Classification of Criminals and Crimes
- Acute criminals commit crimes due to impulse or passion.
- Chronic criminals commit crimes with deliberate thinking.
- Normal criminals resemble normal individuals, except that they identify with criminal prototypes.
- Ordinary criminals engage in conventional crimes.
- Organized criminals have a degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes undetected.
- Professional criminals are highly skilled and able to obtain a considerable amount of money undetected.
- Accidental criminals commit crimes due to unforeseen circumstances.
- Situational criminals commit crimes due to a given situation.
- Habitual criminals continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons.
Other Classes of Crimes
- Crimes by imitation occur when individuals duplicate what was done by others.
- Crimes of passion are committed at the height of great emotions.
- Service crimes are committed through rendition of service to satisfy desire.
- Genocide is a crime committed by a government through mass destruction or annihilation of human populations.
- Transnational crimes violate laws that involve more than one country.
- Environmental crimes breach environmental legislation and cause harm to the environment and human health.
- Cybercrimes involve computers and networks.
- Political crimes are committed for ideological purposes.
- Family-related crimes occur within the family.
- Patriarchal crimes are committed against women and children in the name of traditional male dominance.### Criminology and Forensic Science
- Quetelet's "Thermic Law of Delinquency" states that crimes against persons predominate in the South Pole during warm seasons, while crimes against property predominate in the North Pole and cold countries.
- Montesquieu's "Spirit of Laws" (1748) suggests that criminality increases as one approaches the equator, and drunkenness increases as one approaches the North and South Pole.
- Crimes against persons are more common in summer, while crimes against property are more common during rainy seasons.
- Climatic conditions directly affect irritability and cause criminality.
- More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile, level lands than in hilly, rugged terrain.
Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
- Forensic science is the application of scientific principles to criminal and civil laws, enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.
- Criminalistics is the largest branch of forensic science, concerned with the recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation of physical evidence.
- Forensic chemistry deals with the application of chemical theories and principles in the solution of legal problems.
- Forensic toxicology is the use of toxicology to aid medico-legal investigations of death and poisoning.
History of Forensic Science
- The ancient Romans formulated the first essential elements of forensic science.
- The Greeks were the first to set forth the idea of science as a system or method of looking at the world.
- Hammurabi's code is the most famous code named for the Babylonian king.
- The Frye rule (general acceptance) states that scientific evidence is admissible if the techniques are accepted as valid by the relevant scientific community.
- The Daubert decision (1975) provided a list of criteria for judges to use in evaluating scientific evidence.
- The Kumho decision (1999) extended the Daubert decision to focus on expert testimony and acknowledge standards.
Forensic Experts and Evidence
- A forensic chemist is an expert in forensic chemistry, tasked with analyzing chemical specimens using analytical methods.
- A forensic toxicologist investigates and detects poisons in alleged poisoning cases.
- Evidence is a means sanctioned by law to ascertain the truth in a judicial proceeding.
- Major classifications of evidence include:
- Direct evidence: directly establishes the main facts of issue.
- Indirect or circumstantial evidence: incriminates a person.
- Hearsay evidence: a statement given by a witness in authority of another person.
- Prima facie evidence: established by law, sufficient to sustain a proposition.
- Corroborative evidence: additional evidence required to strengthen the testimony of a witness.
- Exculpatory evidence: helps to prove that an accused individual is not guilty.
Forensic Investigation
- Locard's exchange principle states that whenever a criminal comes into contact with a victim, object, or crime scene, they will leave evidence and take away evidence.
- A crime scene is an area or vicinity of occurrence of physical evidence.
- Crime scene investigation involves recognizing, documenting, and collecting physical evidence.
- Recognition is a qualitative process of systematically evaluating physical evidence to determine if their qualifications are sufficiently similar or substantially equivalent.
Blood and Semen
- Blood is a highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances suspended in a fluid medium.
- Blood clotting occurs when a protein in the plasma called fibrin traps and enmeshes the red blood cells, forming solids that separate the serum.
- Semen is a viscid, gelatinous, and sticky substance that becomes more liquid due to enzyme action after exposure.
Forensic Entomology and Blood Stain Pattern Analysis
- Forensic entomology is the branch of forensic science that makes use of insects in the detection of crime and used to calculate the time since death.
- Blood stain pattern analysis focuses on the analysis of the size, shape, and distribution of blood stains resulting from blood shed events as a means of determining the types of activities and mechanisms that produce them.
Explosives
- Explosives are any chemical compound or mixture that undergoes rapid burning or decomposition by the influence of heat.
- High explosives (detonating charges) have a speed of detonation wave equal to 1000 m/s and pressure equal to thousands of atmospheres.
- Low explosives (deflagrating charges) have a rate of decomposition that is a relatively slow process, and the wave produced is less than the speed of sound.
Gunshot Residue
- Gunshot residue is defined as the traces of materials that remain after the use of a firearm using gunpowder ammunition.
- Primer or lead residue are devices used to initiate the propellant in ammunition.
- Propellants components contain up to 23 organic compounds (FBI study).
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Assess your knowledge of criminology, law enforcement, and forensic science with these quizzes covering topics such as crime theories, criminal justice, policing, and more.
