Criminology and Criminal Justice Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences how norms vary?

  • How it's enforced by law (correct)
  • How society enforces them
  • How widely people accept them
  • How it transmits them
  • How much conformity they require

    • Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Criminal Justice System?

  • Maintaining Justice
  • Crime Prevention
  • Economic Growth (correct)
  • Crime Control

    • Social power refers to the ability to influence others through the control of political, economic, or social resources.

    True (A)

    The Canadian government, at all levels, is responsible for the operation of the Criminal Justice System.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of data used for empirical representations of crime?

    <p>Quantitative and qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ability to successfully promote particular norms to the exclusion of other compelling norms is known as ______.

    <p>Norm promotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of deterrence used in crime prevention?

    <p>General and Specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the first point of contact in the flow of cases through the Criminal Justice System.

    <p>Policing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the legal element of crime with its definition:

    <p>Legality = The act or omission that constitutes the crime Mens Rea = The guilty mind, or criminal intent Actus Rea = The criminal act itself Concurrence = The criminal act and intention must occur together Harm = The negative consequence or injury caused by the crime Causation = The link between the act and the harm Punishment = The legal consequence imposed for committing the crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the level of government with its responsibility in the Criminal Justice System.

    <p>Federal = Creates criminal laws, RCMP, Correctional facilities for sentences over two years Provincial = Provincial quasi-criminal legislation, provincial courts, provincial police in Quebec and Ontario, provincial corrections Municipal = Policing and by-laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sentencing provision in the Criminal Justice System?

    <p>Capital Punishment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The academic study of criminal justice focuses solely on the legal aspects of crime and punishment.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between summary conviction offenses and indictable offenses?

    <p>Summary conviction offenses are less serious offenses and are typically heard in provincial court, while indictable offenses are more serious and are heard in superior court.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Criminal Justice System is a reflection of the ______, ______, and ______ history of a country.

    <p>social, political, economic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cost of the Criminal Justice System has decreased significantly in recent years, while crime rates have increased.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of rules of conduct?

    <p>Determine personal preferences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'Natural Rights' suggests that humans are born with fundamental freedoms that cannot be taken away.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core principle of 'Stare Decisis'?

    <p>The principle of precedent. It means that legal decisions should be based on previous rulings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of _______ justice focuses on ensuring fair distribution of goods and resources, while _______ justice deals with the correction of wrongs and punishment.

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following perspectives on crime and deviance emphasizes the role of social conflict and power dynamics in defining and responding to deviance?

    <p>Critical Perspective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Functionalist Perspective argues that deviance is necessary for social stability and progress.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept emphasized by the Interpretive Perspective on deviance?

    <p>Labelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ definition of deviance emphasizes behavior that departs from the average experience, often considering rare or infrequent phenomena as deviant.

    <p>Statistical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Classical Perspective on criminal justice?

    <p>Focus on the role of social structures in producing deviance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Reactivist Definition of deviance suggests that an action is only considered deviant if others react to it as deviant.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of deviance with their respective examples:

    <p>High Consensus Deviance = Mental Illness Lifestyle Deviance = Homicide Status Deviance = Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the primary difference between Utilitarian Corrective Justice and Retributive Corrective Justice.

    <p>Utilitarian Corrective Justice aims to make punishment useful, while Retributive Corrective Justice focuses on punishing individuals based on the principle of retribution, or 'an eye for an eye'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective on deviance emphasizes the role of labelling and social interaction in creating deviance?

    <p>Interpretive Perspective (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'moral panics' suggests that public anxieties about deviance can be exaggerated and fueled by media coverage.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are considered to be processes of social control?

    <p>Sanctions (A), Internalization of group norms (B), Formal social control (C), Informal social control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative sanctions are rewards given to individuals for following social norms.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes?

    <p>Mala in se crimes are considered inherently wrong or evil, while mala prohibita crimes are wrong only because they are prohibited by law.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ perspective on the origin of law suggests that laws reflect the shared values and beliefs of the majority of society.

    <p>consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sociological theories with their primary focus:

    <p>Conflict Theory = Focuses on power struggles and inequality in society Rational Choice Theory = Assumes individuals make rational decisions based on cost-benefit analysis Biological Theories = Explains deviance through biological factors such as genetics, hormones, and neuropsychology Psychological Theories = Views deviance as a symptom of psychological illness or dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marxist deviance theory, individuals who do not contribute to profit maximization are seen as deviant.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory that deviance is a function of class position and family control is known as ______ theory.

    <p>power control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to social disorganization in inner cities, according to social disorganization theory?

    <p>Increased access to education (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Merton's strain theory adaptations to their descriptions:

    <p>Conformity = Accepts both cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them. Ritualism = Conforms to societal norms without expecting to achieve its goals. Innovation = Achieves goals through illegitimate means. Retreatism = Rejects both cultural goals and legitimate means. Rebellion = Challenges conventional goals and means with alternative ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central idea of anomie and strain theory? Briefly explain.

    <p>The disjuncture between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve those goals leads to anomie, which increases the likelihood of deviance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to differential association theory, what are the key factors that influence a person's likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior?

    <p>Proximity to deviant individuals and their influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Control theory asserts that everyone is inherently deviant, and social bonds are what prevent transgression.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Techniques of neutralization are strategies used by individuals to ______ their deviant behavior.

    <p>justify</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main point of labelling theory? Briefly explain.

    <p>Labelling theory argues that society's definitions of deviance and the labels assigned to individuals can influence their self-identity and behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to labelling theory, what are the potential consequences of labelling someone as deviant?

    <p>Exclusion and social stigma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moral entrepreneurs play a significant role in shaping the definition of what is considered deviant by attempting to transform private troubles into public issues.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is differential enforcement, and how does it relate to labelling theory?

    <p>Differential enforcement refers to the unequal application of laws based on social status and social distance. This reinforces and perpetuates existing social inequalities and contributes to labelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of ______ refers to the escalation of negative labels and perceptions which can ultimately lead to the individual adopting the label as their own.

    <p>dramatization of evil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of Sutherland's differential association theory?

    <p>Individuals are born with a predisposition for deviant behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'white-collar crime' was coined by Edwin Sutherland.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Distributive Justice?

    <p>Distribution based on merit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Conservative Critique asserts that equality is a fundamental principle of justice.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Social Contract' refer to?

    <p>The agreement to give up some rights in exchange for protection from the state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of law, 'Stare Decisis' ensures that law is uniform and based on ______.

    <p>precedent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each concept of justice with its correct definition:

    <p>Distributive Justice = Focuses on the distribution of goods based on need or merit Corrective Justice = Deals with punishment and remedies for wrongdoings Social Justice = Distributes goods based on need Fundamental Liberal Justice = Distributes based on merit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Criminology

    • Scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour
    • Explains causes of crime, public perception of crime, law, and offenders

    Criminal Justice

    • Study of social control agencies involved in criminal offenses
    • Formation of laws
    • Application of laws
    • Decision-making processes

    Criminal Justice System

    • Operates differently in various societies
    • Canadian government at all levels responsible for the system's operation

    Goals of Criminal Justice System

    • Crime control
    • Reflects social, political, and economic history of Canada
    • Communities play a role in social control and order

    Perspectives on Criminal Justice System

    • Purposes and functions
    • Crime control depends on country history and policy
    • Actors in the system operate based on policy
    • Crime prevention through general and specific deterrence
    • Programs and actions for addressing the causes of crime
    • Maintaining justice through retributive measures

    Government Responsibility (Federal)

    • Creates criminal law
    • Correctional facilities for sentences over two years
    • Federal prosecutors
    • Ministries of Justice and Public Safety
    • Ministry of Organized crime reduction and border services

    Government Responsibility (Provincial)

    • Quasi-criminal legislation and regulatory law
    • Provincial courts (summary conviction offenses)
    • Provincial police (Quebec and Ontario)
    • Provincial corrections
    • Provincial ministries of justice

    Government Responsibility (Municipal)

    • Policing and by-laws

    Government Accountability

    • Internal and external oversight bodies
    • Bar associations, special investigation units, correctional ombudsman
    • Flow of cases: Policing (contact, detention, release), Courts (summary/indictable offenses)

    Sentencing and Corrections

    • Custodial (two-year rule) and non-custodial (probation, community service) sentencing provisions
    • DNA databanks, sex offender registries
    • Academic study of criminal justice (how laws are made and how society responds to lawbreaking)

    Interdisciplinary Nature (of Criminal Justice)

    • University and college level study
    • Career preparation
    • Multidisciplinary fields (politics, geography, sociology, law, psychology, etc.)

    What Is a Crime?

    • An action or omission that constitutes an offense punishable by law.
    • Social norms regulate behavior and social relations, based on shared group evaluations or guidelines.
    • Vary according to how widely accepted and how enforced norms are by society.

    How Law Transmits Norms

    • How much conformity is required
    • Violations attract attention and sanctions

    Social Power

    • The ability to shape and enforce norms, especially in political, economic, or social spheres
    • Powerful individuals define standards relating to deviance
    • White-collar crimes are financially motivated, non-violent offenses committed by individuals and businesses.

    Empirical Representations of Crime

    • Quantitative and qualitative data about crime
    • Presenting crime data (crime rates, severity, prevalence, incidence)
    • Data collection through Statscan and uniform crime reporting (UCR).

    Types of Crime and Deviance

    • Sexual assault, robbery, burglary, white-collar crime, lifestyle deviance (alcohol/drug abuse, sex work), status deviance (mental illness, obesity, LGBTQ identity)

    Historical Views of Deviance

    Different types of deviance in history including demonic, psychotic, and exotic views

    Sociological Approach to Deviance

    • Deviance is inherently social.
    • Symbolic interactionism.
    • Social meanings arise in social interaction.
    • Deviance involves the definition of the act, rather than the act itself.
    • Deviance varies and depends on numerous factors.

    The Different Kinds of Deviance

    • High consensus (homicide), norms regarding these acts are widely shared
    • Non-violent, varies by social group
    • Historical views of deviance include demonic, psychotic, and exotic views

    Lecture 3.2: Deviance

    • The state of departing from usual or accepted standards, particularly in social or sexual behaviors
    • Historical viewpoints of deviance
    • Sociological approach and aspects of deviance.
    • Various types and kinds of deviance

    Lecture 4.1: Theories of Crime

    • Biological theories (e.g., Lombroso, biology influencing origin of deviance)
    • Psychological theories (e.g., deviance as psychological illness)
    • Key components of the mind's psychological functioning (ID, Ego, Superego)
    • Rational choice theory relates to decision-making in a cost-vs-benefit manner.

    Lecture 4.2: Social Structure Theories

    • Social disorganization (causes of crime in inner cities)
    • Anomie and strain theory (cultural goals vs societal means)
    • Merton's Strain Theory (conformity, ritualism, innovation, retreatism,rebellion; deviance as a response to cultural/structural strain)
    • Adaptations to Strain (conformity, ritualism, innovation, retreatism, and rebellion)

    Social Process Theories

    • How socialisation leads to conformity or criminality
    • Various agents of specializations (family, school, peers, and institutions)
    • Differential association theory (crime as learned behaviour through social interaction)

    Critiques of Conflict and Power Relations Theories

    • Focus on the competitive power struggle between those with and without power to create norms in a society.

    Theories of Law

    • Consensus perspective: law reflects the shared values of society
    • Conflict perspective: law is used by those in power to maintain their position
    • Law is based on norms, traditions, and values.

    Types of Crimes

    • Mala in se (inherently wrong acts) and Mala prohibita (acts that are only criminal because they are prohibited by law)

    Defining Crime

    • Actions or omissions that constitute a crime (especially those that are punishable by law).

    Marxist Criminology

    • Origin of crime relates to capitalism
    • Focus on exploitation and social class

    Power Relations

    • Rooted in competition for power and wealth.
    • Those in power use their influence to criminalize those without.
    • Power enables the shaping of laws and behaviours through different social contexts.
    • Those with power use law to criminalize those with less power.

    Feminist Theories of Crime

    • Focus on gender differences in crime rates, victimization, and patriarchal structures.
    • Marxist feminism, focuses on how gender inequality stems from capitalism and class structures.
    • Radical feminism discusses how the relationship between men and women creates and perpetuates crime.

    Neutralization Theory

    • Delinquents justify their criminal acts by rationalizing their behavior and using various means to neutralize their criminal tendencies

    Containment Theory

    • Factors that influence individuals toward social conformity
    • Internal and external factors that lead an individual to resist deviant behaviour

    Labeling Theory

    • Emphasis is on the interaction between an individual and society. - Individuals are labelled and the consequence of this labeling may lead to a person to engage in further criminal behaviour

    Social Control Theories

    • Importance of factors that control and contain an individual's deviance (social bonds, and other social control mechanisms).

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    Crime And Crminal Justice Midterm 1 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of criminology and the criminal justice system, including the causes of crime and the roles of various social control agencies. This quiz covers the functions, perspectives, and goals of the criminal justice system, particularly in the context of Canada. Test your understanding of how law formation and application affects crime control.

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