Criminological Theories Overview
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Questions and Answers

What primary aspect does the analysis of crime focus on?

  • The biological predispositions of offenders
  • Psychological factors influencing individual behavior
  • Cultural influences on crime rates
  • Power and inequality associated with wealth distribution (correct)

    • What is a key cause of crime identified in the analysis?

  • Genetic predisposition to criminality
  • Institutionalized inequality and exploitation (correct)
  • Individual moral failings
  • Inadequate educational systems

    • How is the nature of the offender determined according to this analysis?

  • By the influence of peer pressure in youth
  • By structural imperatives related to profit maximization (correct)
  • Through psychological assessments of criminal behavior
  • By individual choices based on personal morality

    • What is identified as a method for preventing crime in this analysis?

    <p>Radical democracy and collective ownership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary solution proposed by those who advocate for piecemeal management programs?

    <p>To assist the disadvantaged in acquiring wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the approach taken by criminologists in the 1950s?

    <p>Conservative adherence to the status quo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marxist theory, who controls the means of production?

    <p>The ruling capitalist class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the function of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)?

    <p>Investigate claims of disloyalty and propaganda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From a Marxist perspective, how does the criminal justice system function in society?

    <p>As a means of controlling the working class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of social power does Marxist theory emphasize?

    <p>Power is increasingly concentrated in a few hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What belief characterized the consensus perspective in criminology?

    <p>Deviance disrupts societal equilibrium and shared values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liberal conflict conception's view of the state's role in society?

    <p>As a neutral arbiter among competing groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response to crime is suggested in this analysis?

    <p>Challenging state repression and exposing social harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Marxist criticism, how does the state operate?

    <p>In the interests of capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Marxist theory suggest as the cause of crime?

    <p>Social forces, particularly capitalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is central to Marxist analysis of social dynamics?

    <p>The concentration of power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of crimes committed by the powerful?

    <p>They affect a large number of people indirectly and are difficult to monitor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are crimes committed by less powerful individuals often more visible?

    <p>The state deploys significant resources to intervene in these offenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it difficult for the state to prosecute crimes of the powerful?

    <p>High investigation and prosecution costs pose a barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the public generally perceive crimes of the powerful?

    <p>They usually think these crimes don’t affect them personally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of law is highlighted in the discussion of class laws?

    <p>Some laws address issues impacting multiple social classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect that contributes to the vulnerability of working-class individuals concerning crime?

    <p>Higher levels of state surveillance and control mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes the impact of crimes committed by less powerful individuals?

    <p>They usually have a discrete impact on individual victims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Ford Pinto case illustrate about corporate behavior?

    <p>Profit can be valued above human life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do structural conditions in society influence street crimes committed by the working class?

    <p>They produce environments conducive to individual criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context did Marxist criminology maintain influence despite a decline in academic prominence?

    <p>Through various social movements advocating for inequality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Cohen suggest is often overlooked by advocates of using criminal law against white collar crime?

    <p>The problems associated with using criminal law to reduce harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concern does feminist criminology share with Marxist criminology?

    <p>Issues of power and resource distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does media control play in the prosecution of crime among different social classes?

    <p>Working-class crimes are often publicized, leading to harsher penalties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one concern expressed by Marxist criminologists regarding the term 'crime'?

    <p>It is heavily influenced by capitalist ideologies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does class focus in criminology potentially overlook other forms of oppression?

    <p>By failing to address gender inequality and its impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do critiques of Marxist criminology suggest about the involvement of the ruling class in law enforcement?

    <p>They believe laws can also restrict capitalist activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements was influenced by Marxist ideas?

    <p>Environmental activism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unintended consequence is associated with the push to criminalize behavior according to the content?

    <p>The potential exacerbation of the harm being addressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was arguably the outcome for Ford in the Pinto case regarding criminal charges?

    <p>Ford was acquitted despite evidence of wrongdoing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do some Marxist criminologists romanticize about criminals?

    <p>Their depiction as primitive class rebels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as the primary aim of Marxist criminology according to the content?

    <p>To highlight harm to individuals and reduce it without criminal law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary issue is addressed by feminist criminology in relation to early crime theories?

    <p>The inclusion of women's perspectives in crime theorization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of aspects of Marxist writing in criminology mentioned in the content?

    <p>It underestimates the impact of street crime on the poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the critique, how is the term 'criminal' perceived by some Marxist thinkers?

    <p>It has lost its significance due to capitalist influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Reinman argue about the issues that concern Marxism?

    <p>They continue to be potent and relevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Reinman, how is the awareness of economic bias perceived in society?

    <p>It suggests that economic disparities are viewed as morally irrelevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of contemporary society has led to a resurgence in Marxist frameworks?

    <p>The increase in globalization and automation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Michael Lynch argue about patterns of crime in relation to class?

    <p>They are linked to specific class positions and their material circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crime is associated with the capitalist class according to the content?

    <p>Crimes associated with augmentation of personal wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the relationship between economic bias and the criminal justice system?

    <p>Concerns about economic bias previously threatened its legitimacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ideology play in the lack of attention to economic bias according to Reinman?

    <p>It reinforces the perception of economic differences as trivial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a focus of contemporary Marxist frameworks?

    <p>Cybersecurity and data protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Criminological Theories

    • Various criminological theories exist, each with differing perspectives on the causes, nature, and response to crime.
    • Different theories emphasize different factors, groups, and circumstances.

    Marxist Criminology

    • Marxist criminology views crime as a consequence of class conflict inherent in capitalist societies.
    • It links crime to economic inequalities, exploitation of the working class, and the concentration of wealth and power.
    • Focuses on crimes of the powerful (e.g., corporate crime, white-collar crime) and crimes of the less powerful (e.g., street crime, property crime).
    • Argues that the legal system and criminal justice practices often serve the interests of the powerful.
    • Crime is viewed as a reflection of the social structure and inequalities of capitalism rather than individual choice.

    Feminist Criminology

    • Feminist criminology addresses the gendered nature of crime.
    • Critiques traditional theories' neglect of female experiences and victimization.
    • Examines how gender roles and power dynamics impact criminal behaviour and victimization.
    • Explores the ways that the criminal justice system is embedded with gender biases.
    • Focuses on crimes against women and how these are often underrepresented or misrepresented.

    Other Theories

    • Various other criminological theories exist, with differing perspectives on the causes, nature and responses to crime.
    • These perspectives span across diverse factors such as colonialism, cultural norms, and political or social influences.
    • The consideration of specific social and cultural factors in these analyses is important for gaining a full understanding of the issue.

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    Criminology Exam Past Paper 2023 (PDF)

    Description

    Explore various criminological theories including Marxist and Feminist perspectives. Understand how these theories address the causes and nature of crime in relation to class conflict and gender. This quiz will deepen your understanding of how socio-economic factors influence criminal behavior.

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