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Questions and Answers
What are the three elements that influence the likelihood of a crime occurring, according to Routine Activities Theory?
What are the three elements that influence the likelihood of a crime occurring, according to Routine Activities Theory?
- Victim's vulnerability, community involvement, criminal intent
- Capable guardianship, suitable target, brave offender
- Environmental factors, target hardening, police presence
- Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardianship (correct)
In the context of Routine Activities Theory, which scenario best illustrates the concept of a suitable target?
In the context of Routine Activities Theory, which scenario best illustrates the concept of a suitable target?
- A group of friends socializing in a well-lit park
- A crowded public event with police presence
- A secured store with monitored entrances
- A person walking alone at night through an isolated area (correct)
How can Wal-Mart address the lack of capable guardianship to deter shoplifting?
How can Wal-Mart address the lack of capable guardianship to deter shoplifting?
- Remove security cameras from store premises
- Reduce the number of staff during peak hours
- Increase security personnel and train employees to monitor behavior (correct)
- Limit customer access to aisles with high-value items
Which strategy could be implemented at Wal-Mart to deter motivated offenders from committing theft?
Which strategy could be implemented at Wal-Mart to deter motivated offenders from committing theft?
What example illustrates the application of Routine Activities Theory to victimization studies?
What example illustrates the application of Routine Activities Theory to victimization studies?
What intervention could Wal-Mart implement to make items less suitable for theft?
What intervention could Wal-Mart implement to make items less suitable for theft?
In Routine Activities Theory, which option is considered a motivated offender?
In Routine Activities Theory, which option is considered a motivated offender?
What role does capable guardianship play in reducing victimization according to Routine Activities Theory?
What role does capable guardianship play in reducing victimization according to Routine Activities Theory?
What does Rational Choice Theory suggest about criminal behavior?
What does Rational Choice Theory suggest about criminal behavior?
How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) influence criminal behavior?
How does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) influence criminal behavior?
Which statement accurately describes the role of the behavioral activation system (BAS) in relation to criminal behavior?
Which statement accurately describes the role of the behavioral activation system (BAS) in relation to criminal behavior?
What might deter an individual from committing shoplifting according to Rational Choice Theory?
What might deter an individual from committing shoplifting according to Rational Choice Theory?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates a rational choice leading to a crime?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates a rational choice leading to a crime?
Which aspect of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?
Which aspect of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for preparing the body for 'fight or flight' responses?
In the context of preventing crime, what is a suggested approach in light of Rational Choice Theory?
In the context of preventing crime, what is a suggested approach in light of Rational Choice Theory?
Why might organized crime require a level of strategic thinking according to Rational Choice Theory?
Why might organized crime require a level of strategic thinking according to Rational Choice Theory?
Which social factors can help reduce recidivism in offenders?
Which social factors can help reduce recidivism in offenders?
What aspect of criminal behavior development does Patterson's model emphasize?
What aspect of criminal behavior development does Patterson's model emphasize?
What characterizes life-course persistent offenders according to Moffitt's theory?
What characterizes life-course persistent offenders according to Moffitt's theory?
How does Moffitt's approach differentiate between adolescent-limited and life-course persistent offenders?
How does Moffitt's approach differentiate between adolescent-limited and life-course persistent offenders?
Which intervention strategy is emphasized by Patterson's model for preventing criminal behavior?
Which intervention strategy is emphasized by Patterson's model for preventing criminal behavior?
What is a common trait of adolescent-limited offenders in Moffitt's theory?
What is a common trait of adolescent-limited offenders in Moffitt's theory?
Which type of offender is likely to maintain their criminal behavior into adulthood according to Moffitt's theory?
Which type of offender is likely to maintain their criminal behavior into adulthood according to Moffitt's theory?
Which factor is NOT considered to contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors in Patterson's model?
Which factor is NOT considered to contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors in Patterson's model?
How does Strain Theory explain criminal behavior in the context of white-collar crime?
How does Strain Theory explain criminal behavior in the context of white-collar crime?
What role does Social Learning Theory play in understanding white-collar crime?
What role does Social Learning Theory play in understanding white-collar crime?
Which of the following is a context in which Strain Theory would apply to street crime?
Which of the following is a context in which Strain Theory would apply to street crime?
What historical events influenced the emergence of conservative criminology?
What historical events influenced the emergence of conservative criminology?
In what way can peer influence contribute to white-collar crime, according to Social Learning Theory?
In what way can peer influence contribute to white-collar crime, according to Social Learning Theory?
What societal changes occurred in Western societies during the rise of conservative criminology?
What societal changes occurred in Western societies during the rise of conservative criminology?
What can be inferred about the motivation behind white-collar crime when applying Strain Theory?
What can be inferred about the motivation behind white-collar crime when applying Strain Theory?
What does Conservative criminology primarily focus on addressing?
What does Conservative criminology primarily focus on addressing?
What is the effect of a less responsive ANS on individuals' behavior?
What is the effect of a less responsive ANS on individuals' behavior?
How is the BAS primarily involved in an individual's behavior?
How is the BAS primarily involved in an individual's behavior?
What is one implication of current biosocial theories for preventing criminal behavior?
What is one implication of current biosocial theories for preventing criminal behavior?
What type of interventions may benefit individuals with high impulsivity?
What type of interventions may benefit individuals with high impulsivity?
What consequence may arise from having an overactive BAS?
What consequence may arise from having an overactive BAS?
What element is crucial for personalized treatment approaches according to biosocial theories?
What element is crucial for personalized treatment approaches according to biosocial theories?
Why is enhancing early childhood education important in addressing criminal tendencies?
Why is enhancing early childhood education important in addressing criminal tendencies?
What role does a supportive social environment play in biosocial theories?
What role does a supportive social environment play in biosocial theories?
What is a central tenet of Critical Race Theory (CRT)?
What is a central tenet of Critical Race Theory (CRT)?
Who were some of the key proponents of Critical Race Theory?
Who were some of the key proponents of Critical Race Theory?
What does CRT emphasize to challenge dominant discourses?
What does CRT emphasize to challenge dominant discourses?
How does CRT view the relationship between race and social stratification?
How does CRT view the relationship between race and social stratification?
What does the concept of 'institutional racism' refer to in CRT?
What does the concept of 'institutional racism' refer to in CRT?
What kind of change does CRT advocate for?
What kind of change does CRT advocate for?
Which aspect does CRT primarily critique in relation to the criminal justice system?
Which aspect does CRT primarily critique in relation to the criminal justice system?
What is the significance of amplifying marginalized voices according to CRT?
What is the significance of amplifying marginalized voices according to CRT?
Flashcards
Strain Theory (Street Crime)
Strain Theory (Street Crime)
Crime occurs when societal goals conflict with available means to achieve them. Lack of legitimate opportunities leads to criminal behavior.
Strain Theory (White-Collar Crime)
Strain Theory (White-Collar Crime)
High-pressure situations in corporate environments (pressure to succeed) lead individuals to commit fraud or embezzlement to reach goals.
Social Learning Theory (Street Crime)
Social Learning Theory (Street Crime)
Individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others who engage in or condone criminal activity.
Social Learning Theory (White-Collar Crime)
Social Learning Theory (White-Collar Crime)
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Conservative Criminology
Conservative Criminology
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Social Upheaval (1960s-70s)
Social Upheaval (1960s-70s)
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Rise in Crime Rates
Rise in Crime Rates
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Effective Crime Control
Effective Crime Control
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Routine Activities Theory
Routine Activities Theory
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Motivated offender
Motivated offender
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Suitable target
Suitable target
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Capable guardianship
Capable guardianship
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Shoplifting prevention
Shoplifting prevention
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Security cameras
Security cameras
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Security personnel
Security personnel
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Increased staff presence
Increased staff presence
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Rational Choice Theory
Rational Choice Theory
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Shoplifting as Rational Choice
Shoplifting as Rational Choice
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Premeditated Crime
Premeditated Crime
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Organized Crime/Financial Fraud
Organized Crime/Financial Fraud
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
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Biosocial Criminology
Biosocial Criminology
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Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention
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Recidivism reduction
Recidivism reduction
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Patterson's Social-Interactional Developmental model
Patterson's Social-Interactional Developmental model
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Moffitt's Life Course Persistent/Adolescent Limited theory
Moffitt's Life Course Persistent/Adolescent Limited theory
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Life-Course Persistent (LCP) offenders
Life-Course Persistent (LCP) offenders
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Adolescent-Limited (AL) offenders
Adolescent-Limited (AL) offenders
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Effective parenting
Effective parenting
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Early intervention
Early intervention
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Biosocial theories
Biosocial theories
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Low ANS arousal
Low ANS arousal
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High BAS activity
High BAS activity
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Personalized treatment
Personalized treatment
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Risk factors (childhood)
Risk factors (childhood)
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Supportive social environment
Supportive social environment
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
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Critical Race Theory (CRT)
Critical Race Theory (CRT)
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Institutional Racism
Institutional Racism
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Systemic Racism
Systemic Racism
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Counter-storytelling
Counter-storytelling
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Disproportionate impact
Disproportionate impact
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Criminal Justice System
Criminal Justice System
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Social Stratification
Social Stratification
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Marginalized groups
Marginalized groups
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Study Notes
Criminological Theories Applied to White-Collar Crime
- Strain Theory, developed by Robert Merton, suggests crime occurs when societal goals and available means clash. In white-collar crime, intense pressure to meet financial targets or achieve career advancement can lead to criminal behavior as a means to bridge the gap between aspirations and current reality.
- Social Learning Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, posits that individuals learn criminal behavior through associations with others. In white-collar crime, this means corporate cultures where unethical behavior is normalized or rewarded can lead to a wider adoption of similar behaviors within an organization.
Historical Context of Conservative Criminology
- Conservative criminology emerged in response to social upheavals and rising crime rates in the 1960s and 70s.
- The period saw significant cultural and political shifts, accompanied by an increase in crime rates, leading to public insecurity and a demand for more effective crime control.
- In the US, the conservative movement gained momentum during the late 1970s and early 80s, with the Reagan administration emphasizing law and order, tougher sentencing, increased law enforcement funding, and a "war on drugs."
Impact of IQ on Criminality
- The relationship between IQ and criminality is explored from various perspectives.
- Biological Perspective: Associates lower IQ with a higher propensity for criminal behavior, due to impaired cognitive abilities.
- Sociological Perspective: Argues that social factors mediate the relationship between IQ and crime. Lower IQ might lead to educational/occupational failure, frustration, and involvement.
- Psychological Perspective: Highlights the interplay between cognitive abilities and personality traits. Lower IQ can increase susceptibility to developing antisocial personality traits, possibly impacting social interactions.
- Developmental Perspective: Examines the interaction between IQ and other developmental factors (like social environment) throughout the life course to understand the likelihood of criminal behavior.
- These perspectives show that the relationship is complex, involving a combination of biological, social, psychological, and developmental factors.
Broken Windows Theory
- Broken Windows theory, proposed by Wilson and Kelling, suggests that visible signs of disorder lead to increased crime.
- The theory posits that minor disorder, left unaddressed, signals a lack of community monitoring, potentially encouraging more serious crimes.
- Policy implications include zero-tolerance policing (strict enforcement of all laws), community policing (building relationships), and urban renewal projects that enhance environments.
Epistemic Coup and Zuboff's Stages
- An epistemic coup is a fundamental shift in how knowledge is produced, controlled, and used in society, often monopolised by a few entities.
- Zuboff outlines four stages of an epistemic coup:
- Incursion: initial penetration of technologies for data gathering.
- Habituation: society becomes accustomed to these new practices, normalizing data collection.
- Adaptation: institutions and individuals start relying on data.
- Redefinition: data use fundamentally alters societal norms and values.
Routine Activities Theory
- Routine Activities Theory, developed by Cohen and Felson, suggests the likelihood of crime is influenced by the convergence of three elements: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardianship.
- Application: analyzing routine behaviors of individuals and places to find patterns promoting victimization risks. Analyzing these routines could increase security awareness.
- Practical example: a person walking home late through a poorly lit area increases likelihood of victimization (suitable target with lack of capable guardianship).
- Application to Wal-Mart: motivated offenders (deterrent), suitable targets (security tags/placing items in secure areas/increased staff), and lack of capable guardianship (increased staff, cameras, signage).
Rational Choice Theory & Criminal Behavior
- Rational Choice Theory proposes crime as the result of rational choice, where individuals weigh potential benefits and consequences.
- A shoplifter might weigh rewards vs risks (e.g. potential gain of goods without paying vs risk of being caught).
- Planning and premeditation further support the idea of rational decision making in criminal acts.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
- Biosocial criminologists link ANS (regulates physiological functions) and BAS (linked to brain's reward system) to criminal behavior.
- Less responsive ANS (lower physiological arousal/fear) might make individuals insensitive to potential consequences of actions, increasing risk.
- Overactive BAS (strong drive to seek rewards) can increase impulsivity, potentially leading to criminal behavior.
Biosocial Theories & Offender Prevention/Treatment
- Early intervention to address risk factors in childhood (attachment, low arousal, impulsivity).
- Personalized treatment approaches for varying biological predispositions.
- Supportive social environments, addressing social factors causing criminal behavior.
Patterson's Social-Interactional Developmental Model and Moffitt's Life Course Persistent/Adolescent Limited Theory
- Patterson's model emphasizes family dynamics, and early childhood experiences shaping antisocial behavior. Ineffective parenting is central.
- Moffitt's model distinguishes between LCP offenders (early-onset antisocial behavior throughout life) and AL offenders (adolescence-limited).
W.E.B. Du Bois and the Intersection of Race and Crime
- W.E.B. Du Bois highlighted how systemic racism, poverty, and social exclusion contributed to higher crime rates in Black communities.
- He argued that crime amongst African Americans was not due to inherent racial characteristics but social and economic circumstances.
Critical Race Theory (CRT)
- CRT analyzes how race and racism intersect with other forms of social stratification to impact criminal justice experiences.
- It examines institutional racism as the systemic disadvantage within institutions toward people of color.
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Description
This quiz explores the application of criminological theories to white-collar crime, focusing on Strain Theory and Social Learning Theory. It also delves into the historical context of conservative criminology and its origins in response to social changes during the 1960s and 70s.
