Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of criminology?
What is the primary focus of criminology?
Which of the following schools of criminology emphasizes free will and rational choices in crime?
Which of the following schools of criminology emphasizes free will and rational choices in crime?
Which historical perspective influenced the Pre-Classical School of criminology?
Which historical perspective influenced the Pre-Classical School of criminology?
What does the term 'logia' in criminology refer to?
What does the term 'logia' in criminology refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What punishment approach did the Pre-Classical School advocate for criminals?
What punishment approach did the Pre-Classical School advocate for criminals?
Signup and view all the answers
Which school of criminology addresses the idea of punishment being proportional to the crime's intensity?
Which school of criminology addresses the idea of punishment being proportional to the crime's intensity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which criminologist is most closely associated with the Classical School?
Which criminologist is most closely associated with the Classical School?
Signup and view all the answers
The Positive School of criminology focuses on what aspect of criminal behavior?
The Positive School of criminology focuses on what aspect of criminal behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor does Enrico Ferri NOT consider significant in determining criminal tendencies?
Which factor does Enrico Ferri NOT consider significant in determining criminal tendencies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of an ‘insane criminal’?
What is the primary characteristic of an ‘insane criminal’?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Ferri, what results from social change in a dynamic society?
According to Ferri, what results from social change in a dynamic society?
Signup and view all the answers
Which category of criminals does not align with Ferri's classification?
Which category of criminals does not align with Ferri's classification?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a critical consideration in Garofalo's theory of criminal classification?
What is a critical consideration in Garofalo's theory of criminal classification?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of criminal is characterized by occasional law-breaking due to circumstances?
Which type of criminal is characterized by occasional law-breaking due to circumstances?
Signup and view all the answers
In Garofalo's categorization, which type of criminal lacks emotional feelings?
In Garofalo's categorization, which type of criminal lacks emotional feelings?
Signup and view all the answers
What aspect became more significant with the development of the clinical school in criminology?
What aspect became more significant with the development of the clinical school in criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant criticism of the classical school of criminology?
What was a significant criticism of the classical school of criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which aspect did the neo-classical school emphasize in its approach to criminology?
Which aspect did the neo-classical school emphasize in its approach to criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which school of criminology rejected the free will theory?
Which school of criminology rejected the free will theory?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Lombroso’s theory, what was a characteristic of born criminals?
According to Lombroso’s theory, what was a characteristic of born criminals?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the neo-classical school specifically criticize about its predecessor?
What did the neo-classical school specifically criticize about its predecessor?
Signup and view all the answers
Who among the following is considered one of the main exponents of the positivist school?
Who among the following is considered one of the main exponents of the positivist school?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the positivist school believe was the main cause of criminality?
What did the positivist school believe was the main cause of criminality?
Signup and view all the answers
What category did Lombroso NOT identify for criminals?
What category did Lombroso NOT identify for criminals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus of Sutherland's differential association theory of crime?
What is the main focus of Sutherland's differential association theory of crime?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the theory, criminal behavior is learned mainly through which of the following?
According to the theory, criminal behavior is learned mainly through which of the following?
Signup and view all the answers
Which critical factor describes how individuals interpret legal norms when learning criminal behavior?
Which critical factor describes how individuals interpret legal norms when learning criminal behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
What contributes to an individual becoming delinquent according to Sutherland's theory?
What contributes to an individual becoming delinquent according to Sutherland's theory?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following factors is NOT included in the concept of differential association?
Which of the following factors is NOT included in the concept of differential association?
Signup and view all the answers
How does Sutherland's theory suggest criminal behavior is learned?
How does Sutherland's theory suggest criminal behavior is learned?
Signup and view all the answers
What is suggested about the nature of criminal behavior in relation to general needs and values?
What is suggested about the nature of criminal behavior in relation to general needs and values?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a misconception about the individual's capacity to become a criminal according to the theory?
What is a misconception about the individual's capacity to become a criminal according to the theory?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the clinical school of criminology primarily consider when analyzing criminal behavior?
What does the clinical school of criminology primarily consider when analyzing criminal behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for treating offenders by the sociological school?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for treating offenders by the sociological school?
Signup and view all the answers
Edwin Sutherland's theory of Differential Association suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with whom?
Edwin Sutherland's theory of Differential Association suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with whom?
Signup and view all the answers
According to the sociological school, which of the following factors is considered to influence crime incidence?
According to the sociological school, which of the following factors is considered to influence crime incidence?
Signup and view all the answers
What underlying belief does the clinical school hold regarding punishment?
What underlying belief does the clinical school hold regarding punishment?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a primary characteristic of Sutherland’s Differential Association theory?
What is a primary characteristic of Sutherland’s Differential Association theory?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement best describes the clinical school’s view on offenders who do not respond to correctional methods?
Which statement best describes the clinical school’s view on offenders who do not respond to correctional methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the sociological school emphasize as a means for treating individuals prone to criminality?
What does the sociological school emphasize as a means for treating individuals prone to criminality?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pre-Classical School
- This school of thought thrived during the 17th and 18th centuries when religious explanations dominated.
- It believed in the influence of evil powers controlling individuals and causing them to lose their sense of morality, leading to criminal behavior.
- Proposed extreme torture as a punishment for criminals.
Classical School
- Proposed by Cesare Beccaria in the 18th century.
- Emphasized free will and determinism, suggesting criminals choose to commit crimes based on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
- Advocated for proportionate punishment matching the severity of the crime.
- Criticized for ignoring individual differences between first-time and habitual offenders.
Neo-Classical School
- An extension of the Classical School, supported by Prof. Gillin.
- Acknowledged the need for varied sentencing based on individual factors like age, sex, and mental conditions.
- Recognized the importance of individual circumstances and mental state when judging crime.
- Divided offenders into categories (first offender, habitual offender, minor, insane, etc.) and called for punishment based on an individual's mental capacity.
- Criticized for focusing solely on punishment and neglecting the reformation of offenders.
Positivist School
- Emerged in the 19th century, also known as the Italian School.
- Rejected the free will theory and emphasized biological factors as the root cause of crime.
- Focused on the connection between criminality and the physical structure and functioning of the brain.
Cesare Lombroso’s Theory
- Considered the father of modern criminology, he proposed that criminals are born with innate tendencies for criminal behavior.
- Believed criminals were physically inferior and less sensitive to pain, leading them to disregard the suffering of others.
- Categorized criminals into:
- Born criminals: Individuals with genetically inherited criminal tendencies.
- Insane criminals: Offenders with mental impairments, unable to comprehend right from wrong.
- Criminoids: Criminals with biological inferiority complexes.
Enrico Ferri’s Theory
- Challenged Lombroso's solely biological explanations, proposing a combination of factors like emotional reactions, social conditions, and geographical factors contribute to criminality.
- Argued that crime is a complex consequence of three factors:
- Physical or geographical: Environment plays a role.
- Anthropological: Biological factors are important.
- Psychological or social: Mental and societal factors also contribute.
- Emphasized the role of rapid social change in causing social disorganization and crime.
- Classified criminals into:
- Born criminal
- Occasional criminal: Criminals who commit crimes due to specific circumstances.
- Passionate criminal: Those who commit crimes under the influence of intense emotions.
- Insane criminal
- Habitual criminal: Individuals who repeatedly commit crimes.
Raffaele Garofalo’s Theory
- Focused on the environment and living conditions of criminals.
- Believed criminality is influenced by an individual's surroundings.
- Categorized criminals into:
- Endemic criminals: Offenders who commit murder.
- Violent criminals: Impulsive criminals easily influenced by others, prone to aggression.
- Criminals lacking in sentiment of probity: Individuals lacking emotional sensibility.
- Lustful criminals: Offenders who commit rape.
Clinical School
- Developed with advancements in psychology, placing emphasis on the emotional aspects of human behavior.
- Acknowledged a combination of internal and external factors influencing an individual's personality.
- Suggested that punishment should be tailored to the individual's personality and background.
- Advocated for correctional approaches for individuals with social disadvantages.
Sociological School
- Recognized the influence of the social environment on criminality.
- Highlighted factors like mobility, culture, religion, economics, political ideologies, population density, and employment as major influences.
- Based on Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, criminality is learned through interactions with others, primarily within close groups.
- Argued for more humane treatment of offenders, promoting persuasive methods over punishment.
Sutherland’s Theory/Model
- Explains how individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others who endorse criminal values and attitudes.
- Focuses on the learning process rather than the underlying reasons for criminal behavior.
- Highlights the importance of associations with others in shaping an individual's criminal tendencies.
- Outlines nine crucial factors influencing criminal behavior:
- Criminal behavior is learned through interactions.
- Learning occurs mainly through communication within intimate groups.
- Learning includes techniques, motives, and attitudes towards criminal behavior.
- Criminal motives arise from interpreting legal norms favorably or unfavorably.
- Individuals become criminal when definitions favoring law violation outweigh those against it.
- The intensity, frequency, duration, priority, and strength of associations influence learning.
- Criminal behavior is learned through observation and imitation.
- Criminal behavior expresses general needs and values, but it is not entirely determined by them.
- There is no inherent distinction between criminal and non-criminal behavior, anyone can potentially become criminal.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the foundational schools of thought in criminal theory, including the Pre-Classical, Classical, and Neo-Classical schools. Each school presents a unique perspective on criminal behavior, punishment, and the influence of individual circumstances on sentencing. Test your understanding of these critical theories in criminology.
