Criminal Theory Schools Overview
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What is the primary focus of criminology?

  • To enforce laws and punish criminals
  • To scientifically analyze criminal behavior and its causes (correct)
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies
  • To study the social behaviors of non-criminals

    • Which of the following schools of criminology emphasizes free will and rational choices in crime?

  • Classical School (correct)
  • Sociological School
  • Positive School
  • Pre-Classical School

    • Which historical perspective influenced the Pre-Classical School of criminology?

  • Psychoanalytic theories of behavior
  • Religious beliefs and supernatural influences (correct)
  • Sociological patterns in crime
  • Scientific explanations and empirical research

    • What does the term 'logia' in criminology refer to?

    <p>The study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What punishment approach did the Pre-Classical School advocate for criminals?

    <p>Extreme torture and punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which school of criminology addresses the idea of punishment being proportional to the crime's intensity?

    <p>Classical School</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criminologist is most closely associated with the Classical School?

    <p>Cesare Beccaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Positive School of criminology focuses on what aspect of criminal behavior?

    <p>The influences of societal factors and biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does Enrico Ferri NOT consider significant in determining criminal tendencies?

    <p>Biological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an ‘insane criminal’?

    <p>They are unaware of right and wrong due to their mental state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ferri, what results from social change in a dynamic society?

    <p>Increased incidence of crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of criminals does not align with Ferri's classification?

    <p>Lustful criminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration in Garofalo's theory of criminal classification?

    <p>Environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of criminal is characterized by occasional law-breaking due to circumstances?

    <p>Occasional criminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Garofalo's categorization, which type of criminal lacks emotional feelings?

    <p>Criminal lacking in sentiment of probity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect became more significant with the development of the clinical school in criminology?

    <p>Psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant criticism of the classical school of criminology?

    <p>It did not differentiate between first and habitual offenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect did the neo-classical school emphasize in its approach to criminology?

    <p>The mental state and circumstances of the offender.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which school of criminology rejected the free will theory?

    <p>Positivist school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lombroso’s theory, what was a characteristic of born criminals?

    <p>They have inferior physical characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the neo-classical school specifically criticize about its predecessor?

    <p>Its singular focus on punishment without reformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who among the following is considered one of the main exponents of the positivist school?

    <p>Cesare Lombroso</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the positivist school believe was the main cause of criminality?

    <p>The anthropological features of criminals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category did Lombroso NOT identify for criminals?

    <p>Occasional criminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Sutherland's differential association theory of crime?

    <p>Exploring how individuals learn to become criminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory, criminal behavior is learned mainly through which of the following?

    <p>Interaction and communication with other criminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical factor describes how individuals interpret legal norms when learning criminal behavior?

    <p>Legal norms are interpreted as either favorable or unfavorable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to an individual becoming delinquent according to Sutherland's theory?

    <p>A surplus of definitions favorable to violating the law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT included in the concept of differential association?

    <p>Skills developed purely from formal education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Sutherland's theory suggest criminal behavior is learned?

    <p>Through observation and imitation of criminal patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about the nature of criminal behavior in relation to general needs and values?

    <p>Both criminal and non-criminal behaviors express the same needs and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a misconception about the individual's capacity to become a criminal according to the theory?

    <p>All individuals are inherently capable of criminal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the clinical school of criminology primarily consider when analyzing criminal behavior?

    <p>A combination of biological inheritance and life experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for treating offenders by the sociological school?

    <p>Imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edwin Sutherland's theory of Differential Association suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with whom?

    <p>Friends, peers, and family members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the sociological school, which of the following factors is considered to influence crime incidence?

    <p>The political ideologies of a society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying belief does the clinical school hold regarding punishment?

    <p>It should depend on the personality of the accused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Sutherland’s Differential Association theory?

    <p>Criminal behavior is acquired through learned interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the clinical school’s view on offenders who do not respond to correctional methods?

    <p>They must be punished with imprisonment or lifelong transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sociological school emphasize as a means for treating individuals prone to criminality?

    <p>Persuasive and humanitarian methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pre-Classical School

    • This school of thought thrived during the 17th and 18th centuries when religious explanations dominated.
    • It believed in the influence of evil powers controlling individuals and causing them to lose their sense of morality, leading to criminal behavior.
    • Proposed extreme torture as a punishment for criminals.

    Classical School

    • Proposed by Cesare Beccaria in the 18th century.
    • Emphasized free will and determinism, suggesting criminals choose to commit crimes based on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
    • Advocated for proportionate punishment matching the severity of the crime.
    • Criticized for ignoring individual differences between first-time and habitual offenders.

    Neo-Classical School

    • An extension of the Classical School, supported by Prof. Gillin.
    • Acknowledged the need for varied sentencing based on individual factors like age, sex, and mental conditions.
    • Recognized the importance of individual circumstances and mental state when judging crime.
    • Divided offenders into categories (first offender, habitual offender, minor, insane, etc.) and called for punishment based on an individual's mental capacity.
    • Criticized for focusing solely on punishment and neglecting the reformation of offenders.

    Positivist School

    • Emerged in the 19th century, also known as the Italian School.
    • Rejected the free will theory and emphasized biological factors as the root cause of crime.
    • Focused on the connection between criminality and the physical structure and functioning of the brain.

    Cesare Lombroso’s Theory

    • Considered the father of modern criminology, he proposed that criminals are born with innate tendencies for criminal behavior.
    • Believed criminals were physically inferior and less sensitive to pain, leading them to disregard the suffering of others.
    • Categorized criminals into:
      • Born criminals: Individuals with genetically inherited criminal tendencies.
      • Insane criminals: Offenders with mental impairments, unable to comprehend right from wrong.
      • Criminoids: Criminals with biological inferiority complexes.

    Enrico Ferri’s Theory

    • Challenged Lombroso's solely biological explanations, proposing a combination of factors like emotional reactions, social conditions, and geographical factors contribute to criminality.
    • Argued that crime is a complex consequence of three factors:
      • Physical or geographical: Environment plays a role.
      • Anthropological: Biological factors are important.
      • Psychological or social: Mental and societal factors also contribute.
    • Emphasized the role of rapid social change in causing social disorganization and crime.
    • Classified criminals into:
      • Born criminal
      • Occasional criminal: Criminals who commit crimes due to specific circumstances.
      • Passionate criminal: Those who commit crimes under the influence of intense emotions.
      • Insane criminal
      • Habitual criminal: Individuals who repeatedly commit crimes.

    Raffaele Garofalo’s Theory

    • Focused on the environment and living conditions of criminals.
    • Believed criminality is influenced by an individual's surroundings.
    • Categorized criminals into:
      • Endemic criminals: Offenders who commit murder.
      • Violent criminals: Impulsive criminals easily influenced by others, prone to aggression.
      • Criminals lacking in sentiment of probity: Individuals lacking emotional sensibility.
      • Lustful criminals: Offenders who commit rape.

    Clinical School

    • Developed with advancements in psychology, placing emphasis on the emotional aspects of human behavior.
    • Acknowledged a combination of internal and external factors influencing an individual's personality.
    • Suggested that punishment should be tailored to the individual's personality and background.
    • Advocated for correctional approaches for individuals with social disadvantages.

    Sociological School

    • Recognized the influence of the social environment on criminality.
    • Highlighted factors like mobility, culture, religion, economics, political ideologies, population density, and employment as major influences.
    • Based on Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, criminality is learned through interactions with others, primarily within close groups.
    • Argued for more humane treatment of offenders, promoting persuasive methods over punishment.

    Sutherland’s Theory/Model

    • Explains how individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others who endorse criminal values and attitudes.
    • Focuses on the learning process rather than the underlying reasons for criminal behavior.
    • Highlights the importance of associations with others in shaping an individual's criminal tendencies.
    • Outlines nine crucial factors influencing criminal behavior:
      • Criminal behavior is learned through interactions.
      • Learning occurs mainly through communication within intimate groups.
      • Learning includes techniques, motives, and attitudes towards criminal behavior.
      • Criminal motives arise from interpreting legal norms favorably or unfavorably.
      • Individuals become criminal when definitions favoring law violation outweigh those against it.
      • The intensity, frequency, duration, priority, and strength of associations influence learning.
      • Criminal behavior is learned through observation and imitation.
      • Criminal behavior expresses general needs and values, but it is not entirely determined by them.
      • There is no inherent distinction between criminal and non-criminal behavior, anyone can potentially become criminal.

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    Schools of Criminology PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the foundational schools of thought in criminal theory, including the Pre-Classical, Classical, and Neo-Classical schools. Each school presents a unique perspective on criminal behavior, punishment, and the influence of individual circumstances on sentencing. Test your understanding of these critical theories in criminology.

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