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What is the primary focus of criminology?
Which of the following schools of criminology emphasizes free will and rational choices in crime?
Which historical perspective influenced the Pre-Classical School of criminology?
What does the term 'logia' in criminology refer to?
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What punishment approach did the Pre-Classical School advocate for criminals?
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Which school of criminology addresses the idea of punishment being proportional to the crime's intensity?
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Which criminologist is most closely associated with the Classical School?
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The Positive School of criminology focuses on what aspect of criminal behavior?
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Which factor does Enrico Ferri NOT consider significant in determining criminal tendencies?
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What is the primary characteristic of an ‘insane criminal’?
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According to Ferri, what results from social change in a dynamic society?
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Which category of criminals does not align with Ferri's classification?
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What is a critical consideration in Garofalo's theory of criminal classification?
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Which type of criminal is characterized by occasional law-breaking due to circumstances?
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In Garofalo's categorization, which type of criminal lacks emotional feelings?
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What aspect became more significant with the development of the clinical school in criminology?
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What was a significant criticism of the classical school of criminology?
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Which aspect did the neo-classical school emphasize in its approach to criminology?
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Which school of criminology rejected the free will theory?
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According to Lombroso’s theory, what was a characteristic of born criminals?
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What did the neo-classical school specifically criticize about its predecessor?
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Who among the following is considered one of the main exponents of the positivist school?
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What did the positivist school believe was the main cause of criminality?
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What category did Lombroso NOT identify for criminals?
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What is the main focus of Sutherland's differential association theory of crime?
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According to the theory, criminal behavior is learned mainly through which of the following?
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Which critical factor describes how individuals interpret legal norms when learning criminal behavior?
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What contributes to an individual becoming delinquent according to Sutherland's theory?
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Which of the following factors is NOT included in the concept of differential association?
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How does Sutherland's theory suggest criminal behavior is learned?
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What is suggested about the nature of criminal behavior in relation to general needs and values?
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What is a misconception about the individual's capacity to become a criminal according to the theory?
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What does the clinical school of criminology primarily consider when analyzing criminal behavior?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended method for treating offenders by the sociological school?
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Edwin Sutherland's theory of Differential Association suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with whom?
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According to the sociological school, which of the following factors is considered to influence crime incidence?
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What underlying belief does the clinical school hold regarding punishment?
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What is a primary characteristic of Sutherland’s Differential Association theory?
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Which statement best describes the clinical school’s view on offenders who do not respond to correctional methods?
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What does the sociological school emphasize as a means for treating individuals prone to criminality?
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Study Notes
Pre-Classical School
- This school of thought thrived during the 17th and 18th centuries when religious explanations dominated.
- It believed in the influence of evil powers controlling individuals and causing them to lose their sense of morality, leading to criminal behavior.
- Proposed extreme torture as a punishment for criminals.
Classical School
- Proposed by Cesare Beccaria in the 18th century.
- Emphasized free will and determinism, suggesting criminals choose to commit crimes based on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
- Advocated for proportionate punishment matching the severity of the crime.
- Criticized for ignoring individual differences between first-time and habitual offenders.
Neo-Classical School
- An extension of the Classical School, supported by Prof. Gillin.
- Acknowledged the need for varied sentencing based on individual factors like age, sex, and mental conditions.
- Recognized the importance of individual circumstances and mental state when judging crime.
- Divided offenders into categories (first offender, habitual offender, minor, insane, etc.) and called for punishment based on an individual's mental capacity.
- Criticized for focusing solely on punishment and neglecting the reformation of offenders.
Positivist School
- Emerged in the 19th century, also known as the Italian School.
- Rejected the free will theory and emphasized biological factors as the root cause of crime.
- Focused on the connection between criminality and the physical structure and functioning of the brain.
Cesare Lombroso’s Theory
- Considered the father of modern criminology, he proposed that criminals are born with innate tendencies for criminal behavior.
- Believed criminals were physically inferior and less sensitive to pain, leading them to disregard the suffering of others.
- Categorized criminals into:
- Born criminals: Individuals with genetically inherited criminal tendencies.
- Insane criminals: Offenders with mental impairments, unable to comprehend right from wrong.
- Criminoids: Criminals with biological inferiority complexes.
Enrico Ferri’s Theory
- Challenged Lombroso's solely biological explanations, proposing a combination of factors like emotional reactions, social conditions, and geographical factors contribute to criminality.
- Argued that crime is a complex consequence of three factors:
- Physical or geographical: Environment plays a role.
- Anthropological: Biological factors are important.
- Psychological or social: Mental and societal factors also contribute.
- Emphasized the role of rapid social change in causing social disorganization and crime.
- Classified criminals into:
- Born criminal
- Occasional criminal: Criminals who commit crimes due to specific circumstances.
- Passionate criminal: Those who commit crimes under the influence of intense emotions.
- Insane criminal
- Habitual criminal: Individuals who repeatedly commit crimes.
Raffaele Garofalo’s Theory
- Focused on the environment and living conditions of criminals.
- Believed criminality is influenced by an individual's surroundings.
- Categorized criminals into:
- Endemic criminals: Offenders who commit murder.
- Violent criminals: Impulsive criminals easily influenced by others, prone to aggression.
- Criminals lacking in sentiment of probity: Individuals lacking emotional sensibility.
- Lustful criminals: Offenders who commit rape.
Clinical School
- Developed with advancements in psychology, placing emphasis on the emotional aspects of human behavior.
- Acknowledged a combination of internal and external factors influencing an individual's personality.
- Suggested that punishment should be tailored to the individual's personality and background.
- Advocated for correctional approaches for individuals with social disadvantages.
Sociological School
- Recognized the influence of the social environment on criminality.
- Highlighted factors like mobility, culture, religion, economics, political ideologies, population density, and employment as major influences.
- Based on Sutherland's Differential Association Theory, criminality is learned through interactions with others, primarily within close groups.
- Argued for more humane treatment of offenders, promoting persuasive methods over punishment.
Sutherland’s Theory/Model
- Explains how individuals learn criminal behavior through interactions with others who endorse criminal values and attitudes.
- Focuses on the learning process rather than the underlying reasons for criminal behavior.
- Highlights the importance of associations with others in shaping an individual's criminal tendencies.
- Outlines nine crucial factors influencing criminal behavior:
- Criminal behavior is learned through interactions.
- Learning occurs mainly through communication within intimate groups.
- Learning includes techniques, motives, and attitudes towards criminal behavior.
- Criminal motives arise from interpreting legal norms favorably or unfavorably.
- Individuals become criminal when definitions favoring law violation outweigh those against it.
- The intensity, frequency, duration, priority, and strength of associations influence learning.
- Criminal behavior is learned through observation and imitation.
- Criminal behavior expresses general needs and values, but it is not entirely determined by them.
- There is no inherent distinction between criminal and non-criminal behavior, anyone can potentially become criminal.
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Description
This quiz explores the foundational schools of thought in criminal theory, including the Pre-Classical, Classical, and Neo-Classical schools. Each school presents a unique perspective on criminal behavior, punishment, and the influence of individual circumstances on sentencing. Test your understanding of these critical theories in criminology.
