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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of the criminal justice system?
Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the criminal justice system?
What is recidivism?
What did the Metropolitan Police Act establish?
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Which model distinguishes between criminology and criminal justice?
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What does the crime funnel represent?
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What are the three types of offences found in Canada?
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Which statement is true regarding the use of force framework in policing?
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Study Notes
Criminal Justice System Models
- Due process model emphasizes fairness and protection of individual rights.
- Crime control model prioritizes efficiency and law enforcement to control crime.
- Consensus model focuses on shared values and cooperation between institutions.
- Conflict model recognizes power imbalances & conflict between societal groups.
- Restorative justice model emphasizes repairing harm and reintegration of offenders.
Purpose of the Criminal Justice System
- To maintain public order and safety by enforcing laws and deterring crime.
- To protect individual rights and ensure fair treatment of accused persons.
- To rehabilitate offenders and prevent recidivism.
Components of the Criminal Justice System
- Law enforcement: Policing agencies responsible for investigating crimes and enforcing laws.
- Courts: Adjudicate cases, determine guilt, & impose sentences.
- Corrections: Supervise and rehabilitate convicted offenders.
- Community justice: Programs and services aimed at preventing crime and supporting victims.
Criminology vs Criminal Justice
- Criminology: Studies the causes and nature of crime, and why people commit crimes.
- Criminal Justice: Focuses on the institutions, processes, and procedures of the criminal justice system.
Metropolitan Police Act
- Established the first modern police force in London, England in 1829.
Watch and Ward System
- Early form of community policing in Canada, where citizens took turns guarding their neighbourhoods.
Principles of Peels Policing
- Prevention of crime by maintaining a visible police presence.
- Public cooperation, including building community trust.
- Use of force only as a last resort.
Levels of Policing in Canada
- Federal: RCMP, which has jurisdiction in many provinces.
- Provincial: Police services in Ontario, Quebec, and Newfoundland.
- Municipal: Local police forces in most Canadian cities and towns.
Provincial Police Services
- Ontario Provincial Police (OPP): Founded in 1920
- Sûreté du Québec (SQ): Founded in 1932
- Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC): Founded in 1919
Comprehensive Police Services Act
- Sets out the framework for police services in Ontario, including accountability and oversight.
Recruitment Standards for Policing
- Physical fitness: Meeting certain physical requirements.
- Academic qualifications: Minimum educational levels (high school diploma or college degree).
- Psychological assessments: Evaluations to assess emotional stability and suitability for the job.
- Background checks: Verification of criminal history and other relevant information.
Police Hierarchy System
- Chain of command: Ranks and positions based on authority and responsibility.
- Supervisory roles: Senior officers manage resources, oversee investigations, and ensure compliance with policies.
Sara and Capra Models of Policing
- SARA: Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment. A problem-solving approach used in community policing.
- CAPRA: Community mobilization, Assess, Prepare and Plan, Respond, Appraise. Another framework for community policing.
Police Authorities
- Section 7, 8, 9, and 10 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Guarantees fundamental rights, including the right to life, liberty, and security of the person, and the protection against unreasonable search and seizure.
- Section 495(1) of the Criminal Code: Provides police with specific authorities, such as the power to arrest.
Types of Offences in Canada
- Summary offences: Less serious crimes, typically dealt with in provincial court. (Ex: Traffic violations)
- Indictable offences: More serious crimes, heard in superior court. (Ex: Murder, Robbery)
- Hybrid offences: Can be treated as either summary or indictable depending on the circumstances. (Ex: Assault)
Custodial vs. Non-Custodial Interviewing
- Custodial: Person is detained and not free to leave. Requires legal counsel to be present.
- Non-custodial: Person is free to leave. No legal counsel required.
Search Authorities of Police
- Warrants issued by a judge: Required for most searches.
- Exceptions to the warrant requirement: Consent, plain view, exigent circumstances.
Use of Force Framework
- Basis: To ensure that force is used only as a last resort.
- Framework: Outlines principles and procedures for the use of force.
- Principles: Legality, necessity, proportionality, and accountability.
- Assists police: By providing clear guidelines, limiting unnecessary force, and increasing accountability.
Section 25 of the Criminal Code
- Provides a defence for police officers who use force in the lawful execution of their duties.
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Description
This quiz explores various models of the criminal justice system, including the due process and crime control models. It also covers the purpose and components, such as law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Test your knowledge on how these elements work together to maintain public order and protect individual rights.
